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Key Concepts PowerPoint

Chapter 4
Reactions in Aqueous Solution

  
04-01
Title
 Electrical conductivity of an ionic solution
Caption
 Figure 4.1 A simple device to demonstrate the electrical conductivity of an ionic solution. (a) A solution of NaCl conducts electricity because of the movement of charged particles (ions), thereby completing the circuit and allowing the bulb to light. (b) A solution of sucrose does not conduct electricity or complete the circuit because it has no charged particles. The bulb therefore remains dark.
Notes
 Electrical conductivity of an ionic solution
Keywords
 conductivity, electrolytes
04-01-01UN
Title
 Strong versus weak electrolytes
Caption
 Strong electrolytes are characterized by their nearly complete dissociation in water, while weak electrolytes dissociate to a much smaller extent.
Notes
 Strong versus weak electrolytes
Keywords
 electrolyte, dissociation
04-01-02
Title
 Strong and weak electrolytes
Caption
 Key Concept Problem 4.3 From the diagrams shown, identify the strongest electrolyte and the weakest electrolyte.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.3
Keywords
 key concept, electrolyte
04-01-05UN
Title
 Diagrams for Worked Example 4.5
Caption
 A mixture of anions and cations produces a precipitate. Which combinations of anions and cations are consistent with this result?
Notes
 Worked Example 4.5
Keywords
 key concept, precipitation
04-01-06UN
Title
 Diagrams for Key Concept Problem 4.8
Caption
 Which combinations of anions and cations would produce a precipitate as represented in the diagram?
Notes
 Key concept problem 4.8
Keywords
 key concept, precipitation
04-01-07UN
Title
 Formation of hydronium ion
Caption
 When acids dissociate in water, an acidic proton is transferred from the acid to the oxygen of a water molecule yielding the hydronium cation.
Notes
 Formation of hydronium ion
Keywords
 acid, hydronium
04-01-09UN
Title
 Common acids and bases
Caption
 Table 4.2 Some Common Acids and Bases.
Notes
 Common acids and bases
Keywords
 acid, base
04-01-10UN
Title
 Diagrams for Key Concept Problem 4.10
Caption
 Which of the three aqueous acids is the strongest and which is the weakest? (Water molecules are omitted for clarity.)
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.10
Keywords
 acid strength
04-01-14
Title
 Oxidation and reduction
Caption
 The diagram illustrates how oxidation is characterized by the loss of electrons by a chemical species (atom or ion) versus reduction when the species gains electrons. The loss or gain of electrons is reflected in the change in oxidation number of the atom or ion.
Notes
 Oxidation and reduction
Keywords
 oxidation, reduction, oxidation number
04-01-18UN
Title
 Predicting oxidation numbers
Caption
 Metals are typically considered more 'cationlike' and would possess positive oxidation numbers, while nonmetals are considered more 'anionlike' and would possess negative oxidation numbers.
Notes
 Oxidation numbers of metals versus nonmetals
Keywords
 metal, nonmetal, oxidation number
04-01-26UN
Title
 Rusting of iron
Caption
 In this example, note how the elements start with an oxidation number = 0. The iron becomes oxidized to Fe3+and oxygen becomes reduced to O2-.
Notes
 rusting of iron reaction: Fe undergoes oxidation from 0 to +3 and O underdgoes reduction from 0 to -2
Keywords
 iron, oxidation, reduction
04-01-27UN
Title
 Production of iron metal
Caption
 In this reaction, oxygen maintains a -2 oxidation number throughout. Iron becomes reduced from +3 to 0 oxidation number, while carbon becomes oxidized from 0 to +4 state. The species that becomes reduced is called the oxidizing agent since it is accepting electrons from some other species. Conversely, the species that becomes oxidized is called the reducing agent since it is giving up electrons.
Notes
 Production of iron metal from its ore
Keywords
 oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent
04-01-29UN
Title
 Oxidizers versus reducers
Caption
 Those elements that tend to give up electrons (metals) are typically categorized as reducing agents and those that tend to accept electrons (nonmetals) are referred to as oxidizing agents.
Notes
 Areas of periodic table where: reducing agents tend to lose e-, and oxidizing agents tend to gain e-
Keywords
 oxidizing agent, reducing agent
04-02
Title
 Relative activity of iron and copper
Caption
 The iron nail reduces the Cu2+ions and becomes coated with metallic Cu. At the same time, the intensity of the blue color diminishes due to loss of Cu2+ions from solution.
Notes
 Iron nail reduces the Cu2+ions and becomes coated with metallic Cu.
Keywords
 activity, oxidation, reduction
04-02-02UN
Title
 Activity Series of the Elements
Caption
 The activity series lists metals according to their reducing ability with weakest at the bottom and strongest at the top. Therefore, a metal element may reduce any cationic species listed below it in the activity series.
Notes
 Activity Series of the Elements
Keywords
 activity series
04-02-03UN
Title
 Activity of copper and silver
Caption
 (a) The copper wire reduces aqueous Ag+ion and (b) becomes coated with metallic silver. Note the blue color due to Cu2+ions in the solution.
Notes
 Relative activity of copper and silver
Keywords
 activity series, copper, silver
04-02-04UN
Title
 Reaction of sodium metal with water
Caption
 In this example, the oxidation number of oxygen remains unchanged throughout the reaction. Sodium metal becomes oxidized and the hydrogens of the water molecules become reduced.
Notes
 It may help to think of water as dissociating within itself to produce small amounts of H+and -OH ions. The H+ions become reduced and the -OH ions remain unchanged.
Keywords
 oxidation, reduction, water, sodium
04-02-06UN
Title
 General activity of the metals
Caption
 Within the metals portion of the periodic table, the more active (stronger reducer) metals are found toward the left side of the metals category and the less active (weaker reducer) metals are toward the right side of the metals category.
Notes
 Areas indicated in the periodic table where there are: more active metals and less active metals
Keywords
 activity series, metals
04-03
Title
 The oxidation-number method
Caption
 Figure 4.3 The procedure for balancing redox equations by the oxidation-number method.
Notes
 The procedure for balancing redox equations by the oxidation-number
Keywords
 oxidation-number method, redox
04-04
Title
 The half-reaction method
Caption
 Figure 4.4 The procedure for balancing redox equations by the half-reaction method.
Notes
 The procedure for balancing redox equations by the half-reaction method
Keywords
 redox, half-reaction
04-05
Title
 Redox titration calculations
Caption
 Figure 4.5 A flow diagram for a redox titration, summarizing the calculations needed to determine the concentration of a KMnO4 solution by titration of a known mass of H2C2O4.
Notes
 Comparison can be made to the method used with limiting reagents and calculating mass-mole conversions
Keywords
 redox, titration
04-07-001UN
Title
 Key Concept Summary
Caption
 Reactions in Aqueous Solution Key Concept Summary.
Notes
 Key Concept Summary for Chapter 4
Keywords
 summary
04-07-01UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.24
Caption
 Assume that an aqueous solution of a cation, represented as a red sphere, is allowed to mix with a solution of an anion, represented by a yellow sphere.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.24
Keywords
 key concept, precipitation, solubility
04-07-02UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.25
Caption
 What combination of cations and anions will yield the result indicated by the diagram? Explain.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.25
Keywords
 key concept, solubility, precipitation
04-07-03UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.26
Caption
 Assume that an aqueous solution of OH-, represented as a blue sphere, is allowed to mix with a solution of an acid HnA, represented by a red sphere.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.26
Keywords
 key concept, acid, base
04-07-04UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.27
Caption
 Assume that the blue spheres in the buret represent I-ions, the red spheres in the flask represent OCl-ions, the concentration of the I-ions in the buret is 0.120 M, and volumes in the buret and the flask are identical.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.27
Keywords
 redox, titration, key concept
04-07-05UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.29
Caption
 Based on the positions in the periodic table, which of the following reactions would you expect to occur?
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.29
Keywords
 key concept, activity series
04-07-06UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 4.28
Caption
 Assume that the conductivity of a solution depends on the total concentration of dissolved ions and that you measure the conductivity of three different solutions while carrying out titration procedures.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 4.28
Keywords
 key concept, conductivity
04-TB01
Title
 Table 4.1 Electrolyte Classification of Some Common Substance
Caption
Notes
Keywords
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