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Chapter 29
Pericyclic Reactions

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29-00CO
Title
 Vitamin D
Caption
 Ball-and-stick model of vitamin D.
Notes
 Vitamin D is manufactured in the body from a derivative of cholesterol using UV light from the sun in a pericyclic reaction. The behavior of pericyclic reactions is explained by a combination of orbital symmetry theory and frontier molecular-orbital theory often referred to as the "Woodward–Hoffmann rules." Interestingly, R. B. Woodward (of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules) was the first chemist to do a total synthesis of vitamin D in the lab.
Keywords
 vitamin, D, ball-and-stick
29-01
Title
 Figure 29.1
Caption
 In-phase and out-of-phase interactions of two atomic p orbitals to give a bonding and an antibonding pi molecular orbital.
Notes
 The bonding pi orbital is lower in energy than the atomic p orbitals, whereas the antibonding pi orbital is higher in energy than the atomic p orbitals.
Keywords
 figure, 29.1, in-phase, out-of-phase, bonding, antibonding, orbital
29-02
Title
 Figure 29.2
Caption
 Pi molecular orbitals of 1,3-butadiene.
Notes
 Four atomic p orbitals on the four connected carbons combine to give four pi molecular orbitals.
Keywords
 figure, 29.2, pi, molecular, orbitals, butadiene
29-03
Title
 Figure 29.3
Caption
 Pi molecular orbitals of 1,3,5-hexatriene.
Notes
 Six atomic p orbitals on the six connected carbons combine to give six pi molecular orbitals.
Keywords
 figure, 29.3, pi, molecular, orbitals, hexatriene
29-03-06UN
Title
 Conrotatory Ring Closure
Caption
 Ring closure which occurs when both orbitals rotate in the same direction to achieve overlap is called conrotatory.
Notes
 Conrotatory ring closure occurs when the top lobe of one orbital has the same phase as the bottom lobe of the other orbital involved in forming a sigma bond.
Keywords
 conrotatory, ring, closure
29-03-07UN
Title
 Disrotatory Ring Closure
Caption
 Ring closure which occurs when the orbitals rotate in opposite directions to achieve overlap is called disrotatory.
Notes
 Disrotatory ring closure occurs when the top lobe of one orbital has the same phase as the top lobe of the other orbital involved in forming a sigma bond.
Keywords
 disrotatory, ring, closure
29-03-08UN
Title
 Ring Closure With Symmetric HOMO
Caption
 Molecules with symmetric HOMOs give disrotatory ring-closure products.
Notes
 Molecules with symmetric HOMOs have the top lobe of one orbital in the same phase as the top lobe of the other orbital.
Keywords
 ring, closure, symmetric, HOMO
29-03-09UN
Title
 Ring Closure with Antisymmetric HOMO
Caption
 Molecules with antisymmetric HOMOs give conrotatory ring-closure products.
Notes
 Molecules with antisymmetric HOMOs have the top lobe of one orbital in the same phase as the bottom lobe of the other orbital.
Keywords
 ring, closure, antisymmetric, HOMO
29-03-10UN
Title
 (2E,4Z,6E)-Octatriene Ring Closure
Caption
 (2E,4Z,6E)-Octatriene ring closure is disrotatory, yielding cis-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene.
Notes
 The HOMO of (2E,4Z,6E)-octatriene is symmetric because MOs of linear conjugated pi systems alternate in symmetry starting with the lowest-energy MO being symmetric. (2E,4Z,6E)-Octatriene has six MOs (from six atomic p orbitals overlapping), half of which (three) are filled in the ground state. The third-lowest-energy orbital has to be the HOMO, and it has to be symmetric rather than antisymmetric.
Keywords
 octatriene, ring, closure, disrotatory, cis, cyclohexadiene
29-03-11UN
Title
 (2E,4Z,6Z)-Octatriene Ring Closure
Caption
 (2E,4Z,6Z)-Octatriene ring closure is disrotatory, yielding trans-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene.
Notes
 The HOMO of (2E,4Z,6Z)-octatriene is symmetric because MOs of linear conjugated pi systems alternate in symmetry starting with the lowest-energy MO being symmetric. (2E,4Z,6Z)-Octatriene has six MOs (from six atomic p orbitals overlapping), half of which (three) are filled in the ground state. The third-lowest-energy orbital has to be the HOMO, and it has to be symmetric rather than antisymmetric.
Keywords
 octatriene, ring, closure, disrotatory, trans, cyclohexadiene
29-03-12UN
Title
 Photochemically induced (2E,4Z,6Z)-Octatriene Ring Closure
Caption
 Photochemically induced (2E,4Z,6Z)-octatriene ring closure is conrotatory, yielding cis-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene.
Notes
 The HOMO of (2E,4Z,6Z)-octatriene which has been excited by light is antisymmetric because MOs of linear conjugated pi systems alternate in symmetry starting with the lowest-energy MO being symmetric. (2E,4Z,6Z)-Octatriene has six MOs (from six atomic p orbitals overlapping), half of which (three) are filled in the ground state. The third-lowest-energy orbital has to be the HOMO in the ground state, and the fourth-lowest-energy orbital has to be the HOMO of the photochemically excited state. This orbital has to be antisymmetric.
Keywords
 photochemically induced, octatriene, ring, closure, conrotatory, cis, cyclohexadiene
29-03-13UN
Title
 (2E,4Z)-Hexadiene Ring Closure
Caption
 (2E,4Z)-Hexadiene undergoes conrotatory ring closure to yield cis-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Notes
 The HOMO of (2E,4Z)-hexadiene has to be antisymmetric because this compound has to have four pi MOs, two of which are filled. The HOMO has to be the second-lowest-energy orbital. Since the lowest-energy orbital has to be symmetric, the HOMO has to be antisymmetric.
Keywords
 hexadiene, ring, closure, conrotatory, cis, dimethylcyclobutene
29-03-14UN
Title
 (2E,4E)-Hexadiene Ring Closure
Caption
 (2E,4E)-Hexadiene undergoes conrotatory ring closure to yield trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Notes
 The HOMO of (2E,4E)-hexadiene has to be antisymmetric because this compound has to have four pi MOs, two of which are filled. The HOMO has to be the second-lowest-energy orbital. Since the lowest-energy orbital has to be symmetric, the HOMO has to be antisymmetric.
Keywords
 hexadiene, ring, closure, conrotatory, trans, dimethylcyclobutene
29-04-05UN
Title
 Suprafacial vs. Antarafacial Bond Formation
Caption
 In a cycloaddition reaction, bond formation is called suprafacial if both sigma bonds form on the same side of the pi system, and antarafacial if the sigma bonds form on the opposite side of the pi system.
Notes
 Antarafacial cycloadditions result in strained transition states for small rings, as one of the fragments undergoing cycloaddition must simultaneously bond to the top face of one side of its partner and the bottom face of the other side of the partner, forming a strained-ring transition state. Generally, a seven-membered or larger ring needs to be formed by a cycloaddition reaction in order to observe antarafacial ring formation.
Keywords
 suprafacial, antarafacial, cycloaddition
29-05
Title
 Figure 29.5
Caption
 Frontier molecular-orbital analysis of a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
Notes
 The HOMO of either of the reactants used with the LUMO of the other gives the same results as switching the reactant which contributes the HOMO with the reactant which contributes the LUMO. Both cases require suprafacial overlap for bond formation. In the normal situation, the four-electron system contributes the HOMO and the two-electron system contributes the LUMO, but this situation can be reversed.
Keywords
 figure, 29.5, frontier, molecular-orbital, [4 + 2], cycloaddition, reaction
29-06
Title
 Figure 29.6
Caption
 Frontier MO analysis of a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction under thermal and photochemical conditions.
Notes
 Under thermal conditions, this cycloaddition would have to be antarafacial, which is impossible for a [2 + 2] cycloaddition (forms a four-membered ring). Under photochemical conditions, this reaction allows suprafacial ring formation.
Keywords
 figure, 29.6, frontier, MO, analysis, [2 + 2], cycloaddition, thermal, photochemical
29-06-16UN
Title
 Suprafacial and Antarafacial Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Caption
 A sigmatropic rearrangement in which a migrating group remains on the same face of the pi system as it migrates is suprafacial. If the migrating group moves from one face of the pi system to the opposite face, the migration is antarafacial.
Notes
 Suprafacial migrations normally occur when the HOMO of the pi system is symmetric, and antarafacial migrations normally occur when the HOMO of the pi system is antisymmetric and the migration transition state is a ring with seven or more atoms in it.
Keywords
 suprafacial, antarafacial, sigmatropic, rearrangement
29-06-20UN
Title
 Migration of Hydrogen
Caption
 Migration of hydrogen in a suprafacial and antarafacial rearrangement.
Notes
 Since hydrogen's s orbital has only one phase, the phase of the lobe of the developing p orbital of the atom it migrates from and the lobe of the p orbital of the atom it migrates to must have the same phase. Thus, hydrogen is forced to migrate suprafacially in cases where there is an odd number of electron pairs involved in the migration (symmetric HOMO) and antarafacially in cases where there is an even number of pairs of electrons involved in the migration (antisymmetric HOMO).
Keywords
 migration, hydrogen, suprafacial, antarafacial, rearrangement
29-06-27UN
Title
 Migration of Carbon Using One Lobe
Caption
 Suprafacial and antarafacial migration of carbon with carbon using the same lobe to bond to its destination position that it uses to bond to its original position.
Notes
 When carbon uses only one lobe to migrate in a sigmatropic rearrangement, it must migrate suprafacially when an odd number of electron pairs are involved in the migration (symmetric HOMO) and antarafacially when an even number of electron pairs are involved in the migration (antisymmetric HOMO). This type of migration results in retention of configuration at the migrating carbon.
Keywords
 migration, carbon, suprafacial, antarafacial, one, lobe
29-06-28UN
Title
 Migration of Carbon Using Both Lobes
Caption
 Suprafacial and antarafacial migration of carbon with carbon using the opposite lobe to bond to its destination position from the one that it uses to bond to its original position.
Notes
 When carbon uses both lobes to migrate in a sigmatropic rearrangement, it must migrate antarafacially when an odd number of electron pairs are involved in the migration (symmetric HOMO) and suprafacially when an even number of electron pairs are involved in the migration (antisymmetric HOMO). This type of migration results in inversion of configuration at the migrating carbon.
Keywords
 migration, carbon, suprafacial, antarafacial, both, lobes

Title
 Table 29.1 Woodward-Hoffmann Rules for Electrocyclic Reactions
Caption
Notes
Keywords

Title
 Table 29.2 Configuration of the Product of an Electrocyclic Reaction
Caption
Notes
Keywords

Title
 Table 29.3 Woodward-Hoffmann Rules for Cycloaddition Reactions
Caption
Notes
Keywords

Title
 Table 29.4 Woodward-Hoffmann Rules for Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Caption
Notes
Keywords
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