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Chapter 16
Reactions of Substituted Benzenes

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16-00CO
Title
 Some Substituted Benzene Compounds
Caption
 Ball-and-stick models of chlorobenzene, meta-bromobenzoic acid, ortho-chloronitrobenzene, and para-iodobenzenesulfonic acid.
Notes
 Many natural and synthetic drugs are aromatic compounds which are made from simple substituted benzene compounds. Substituents already attached to benzene rings determine the manner in which electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions can be used to attach further substituents to these benzene rings.
Keywords
 Ball-and-stick, chlorobenzene, meta-bromobenzoic, ortho-chloronitrobenzene, para-iodobenzenesulfonic
16-00-53.1UN
Title
 Anisole, Benzene, and Nitrobenzene
Caption
 Electrostatic potential maps of anisole, benzene, and nitrobenzene.
Notes
 The electrostatic potential maps show an increase in electron density (red color) relative to unsubstituted benzene as the substituent changes from nitro (electron withdrawing) to methoxy (electron donating).
Keywords
 anisole, benzene, nitrobenzene, potential, maps
16-04
Title
 Figure 16.4
Caption
 Orbital pictures of the pi bond formed by overlap of adjacent p orbitals in an ordinary triple bond and in benzyne.
Notes
 The nonlinear alignment of the four carbon atoms in benzyne involved in the sp hybridization of the two triple-bond-bearing carbon atoms prior to bonding makes for poor overlap of the p atomic orbitals on these two carbon atoms prior to forming the triple bond, and leads to a very unstable triple bond relative to an ordinary triple bond.
Keywords
 figure, 16.4, orbital, pictures, benzyne, triple, bond
16-04-75P56
Title
 End-of-Chapter Problem 56
Caption
 Proton NMR spectrum associated with end-of-chapter Problem 56.
Notes
 The figure shows a proton NMR spectrum obtained from a compound which forms benzoic acid when reacted with an acidic solution of sodium dichromate. Determine the identity of the compound responsible for the NMR spectrum.
Keywords
 end-of-chapter, problem, 56, NMR
16-TB01
Title
 Table 16.1 The effects of Substituents on The Reactivity of a Benzene Ring Toward Electrophilic Substitution
Caption
Notes
Keywords
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