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Key Concepts PowerPoint

Chapter 24
Biochemistry

  
24-01
Title
 Catabolic Pathways
Caption
 Figure 24.1 An overview of catabolic pathways in the four stages of food degradation and the production of biochemical energy.
Notes
 Catabolic pathways are reactions that break molecules apart, and generally release energy.
Keywords
 catabolism, food degradation
24-01-05UN
Title
 Alanine
Caption
 Structural formula, electostatic potential map, and ball-and-stick model of alanine, an amino acid.
Notes
 Structure of the amino acid alanine
Keywords
 alanine
24-01-07UN
Title
 Amino Acids
Caption
 General structure of an alpha-amino acid.
Notes
 General structure of an alpha-amino acid
Keywords
 amino acids
24-02-02UN
Title
 Worked Example 24.1
Caption
 Identify the following amino acid, and tell from the electrostatic potential map whether its side chain is acidic, basic, neutral nonpolar, or neutral polar.
Notes
 Worked Example 24.1
Keywords
 amino acids
24-02-03UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.4
Caption
 Identify the following amino acid, and tell from the electrostatic potential map whether its side chain is acidic, basic, neutral nonpolar, or neutral polar.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.4
Keywords
 amino acids
24-03
Title
 Molecular Handedness
Caption
 Figure 24.3 Alanine (2-aminopropanoic acid) has no symmetry plane and can therefore exist in two forms—a “right-handed” form and a “left-handed” form. Propane, however, has a symmetry plane and is achiral.
Notes
 Chiral molecules have mirror images that are not identical. Lack of a plane of symmetry within a molecule is an indication of chirality.
Keywords
 handedness, chirality
24-04
Title
 Enantiomers
Caption
 Figure 24.4 A molecule with a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups is chiral and is not identical to its mirror image. It thus exists in two enantiomeric forms.
Notes
 Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
Keywords
 chirality, enantiomers
24-04-01UN
Title
 Chiral Amino Acids
Caption
 Nineteen of the twenty common amino acids are chiral because they have four different groups bonded to the alpha carbon. Only glycine is achiral since it has two hydrogens attached to the alpha carbon and would have a plane of symmetry.
Notes
 Structure of a general amino acid, showing the l-configuration with R representing some side chain other than hydrogen.
Keywords
 chirality, amino acids
24-04-04UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.9
Caption
 Two of the following three molecules are identical, and one is the enantiomer of the other two. Which one is the enantiomer?
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.9
Keywords
 enantiomers
24-07
Title
 Secondary Protein Structure
Caption
 Figure 24.7 The a-helical secondary structure of keratin. The amino acid backbone winds in a right-handed spiral, much like that of a telephone cord.
Notes
 The alpha-helix of keratin, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Keywords
 protein structure, alpha helix
24-08
Title
 Secondary Protein Structure
Caption
 Figure 24.8 The b-pleated-sheet secondary structure of silk fibroin. The amino acid side chains are above and below the rough plane of the sheet. (Dotted lines indicate hydrogen bonds between chains.)
Notes
 The beta-pleated sheet of fibroin, in which the polypeptide chain doubles back on itself.
Keywords
 protein structure, beta-pleated sheet
24-09
Title
 Myoglobin
Caption
 Figure 24.9 Secondary and tertiary structure of myoglobin, a globular protein found in the muscles of sea mammals. Myoglobin has eight helical sections.
Notes
 Structure of myoglobin
Keywords
 myoglobin, protein structure
24-11-04UN
Title
 d-Glyceraldehyde
Caption
 Ball-and-stick model and d-structure of the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde.
Notes
 Structures of glyceraldehyde
Keywords
 glyceraldehyde, carbohydrates
24-11-06UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.15
Caption
 Classify the following monosaccharide, and identify each chiral carbon in its structure.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.
Keywords
 monosaccharides, carbohydrates, chirality
24-12-01UN
Title
 Lactose
Caption
 Structure and ball-and-stick model of the disaccharide lactose.
Notes
 Structures of lactose showing its components galactose and glucose.
Keywords
 lactose, disaccharide
24-12-02UN
Title
 Sucrose
Caption
 Structure and ball-and-stick model of the disaccharide sucrose.
Notes
 Structures of sucrose showing its components glucose and fructose.
Keywords
 sucrose, disaccharide
24-14-04UN
Title
 Nucleic Acids
Caption
 Flowchart showing the formation of a nucleic acid starting from a sugar and an amine base.
Notes
 Formation of nucleic acids
Keywords
 nucleic acid
24-16-03UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.19
Caption
 Identify the following bases, and tell whether each is found in DNA, RNA, or both.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.19
Keywords
 amine bases
24-17
Title
 Base Pairs in DNA
Caption
 Figure 24.17 Hydrogen bonding between base pairs in the DNA double helix. Electrostatic potential maps show that the faces of the bases are relatively neutral (green), while the edges have positive (blue) and negative (red) regions. Pairing A with T and G with C brings together oppositely charged regions.
Notes
 Hydrogen bonding between base pairs in the DNA double helix.
Keywords
 DNA, base pairs, hydrogen bonding
24-18-01UN
Title
 Transfer and Use of Genetic Information
Caption
 Three main processes take place in the transfer and use of genetic information: replication, transcription, and translation.
Notes
 The replication-transcription-translation process for the building of proteins
Keywords
 replication, transcription, translation
24-19
Title
 DNA Replication
Caption
 Figure 24.19 DNA replication. A portion of the DNA double helix unwinds, and complementary nucleotides line up for linking to yield two new DNA molecules. Each of the new DNA molecules contains one of the original strands and one new strand.
Notes
 Replication is an enzyme-catalyzed process that begins with partial unwinding of the double helix, followed by pairing of exposed bases with new nucleotides leading to the formation of two new DNA strands.
Keywords
 replication, DNA
24-20
Title
 Transcription of DNA
Caption
 Figure 24.20 Transcription of DNA to synthesize RNA. A small portion of the DNA double helix unwinds, and one of the two DNA strands acts as a template on which ribonucleotides line up. The RNA produced is complementary to the DNA strand from which it is transcribed.
Notes
 Transcription of DNA to synthesize RNA
Keywords
 transcription
24-21
Title
 Protein Biosynthesis
Caption
 Figure 24.21 Protein biosynthesis. Messenger RNA is read by tRNA that contains complementary three-base sequences. Transfer RNA then assembles the proper amino acids (AA1, AA2, and so on) into position for incorporation into the peptide.
Notes
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein biosynthesis
Keywords
 biosynthesis, mRNA, tRNA
24-21-010UN
Title
 Key Concept Summary
Caption
 Biochemistry key concept summary.
Notes
 Key Concept Summary for Chapter 24
Keywords
 key concept, summary
24-21-02UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.25
Caption
 Identify the following amino acids, and tell whether each is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.25
Keywords
 key concept, amino acids
24-21-03UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.26
Caption
 Identify the following amino acids.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.
Keywords
 key concept, amino acids
24-21-04UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.27
Caption
 Does the following model represent a d-amino acid or an l-amino acid? Identify it.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.27
Keywords
 key concept, amino acid, handedness, chirality
24-21-05UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.28
Caption
 Is the following model of glucose in the alpha form or the beta form?
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.28
Keywords
 key concept, carbohydrate configuration
24-21-06UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.29
Caption
 The following model represents d-ribose in its open-chain form. Is ribose an aldose or a ketose? How many chiral carbon atoms does ribose have?
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.29
Keywords
 key concept, carbohydrate, chirality
24-21-07UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.30
Caption
 Identify the following dipeptide.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.30
Keywords
 key concept, proteins
24-21-08UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 24.31
Caption
 Identify the following amine bases found in nucleic acids:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 24.31
Keywords
 key concept, amine bases, nucleic acid
24-TB01
Title
 Table 24.1 Some Biological Functions of Proteins
Caption
Notes
Keywords
24-TB02
Title
 Table 24.2 Turnover Numbers of Some Enzymes
Caption
Notes
Keywords
24-TB03
Title
 Table 24.3 Structures of Some Common Fatty Acids
Caption
Notes
Keywords
24-TB04
Title
 Table 24.4 Approximate Composition of Some Common Fats and Oils
Caption
Notes
Keywords
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