back

Key Concepts PowerPoint

Chapter 23
Organic Chemistry

  
23-00-03UN
Title
 Polar covalent bonds
Caption
 The electrostatic potential maps for chloromethane and methyllithium showing an electron-poor carbon and electron-rich carbon, respectively.
Notes
 Electronegativity differences between carbon and atoms attached to it can result in polar covalent bonds
Keywords
 polar covalent bond
23-00-05UN
Title
 Tetrahedral carbon
Caption
 The three-dimensional structure of methane is tetrahedral with bond angles of 109.5 degrees.
Notes
 The molecular geometry about a carbon atom in an organic molecule depends on the number of atoms bonded to the carbon: tetrahedral for four, trigonal planar for three, and linear for two atoms bonded to carbon.
Keywords
 methane, tetrahedral
23-00-06UN
Title
 Ethylene and acetylene
Caption
 The structures of ethylene and acetylene are trigonal planar and linear, respectively.
Notes
 The molecular geometry about a carbon atom in an organic molecule depends on the number of atoms bonded to the carbon: tetrahedral for four, trigonal planar for three, and linear for two atoms bonded to carbon.
Keywords
 ethylene, acetylene, trigonal planar, linear
23-00-07UN
Title
 Orbital hybridization
Caption
 Tetrahedral carbon uses four sp3 hybrid orbitals, trigonal planar carbon uses three sp2 hybrid orbitals and one unhybridized p orbital, and linear carbon uses two sp hybrid orbitals and two unhybridized p orbitals.
Notes
 For sigma bond formation carbon uses sp3 hybrid orbitals in tetrahedral molecules, sp2 orbitals in trigonal planar molecules, and sp hybrid orbitals in linear molecules. These molecules generally have zero, one, and two pi bonds, respectively.
Keywords
 hybrid orbitals, geometry
23-00-09UN
Title
 First three simple alkanes
Caption
 Structures and ball-and-stick models of methane, ethane, and propane.
Notes
 An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon or hydrogen atoms. Because each carbon atom is bonded to its maximum number of atoms and cannot bond to additional atoms, the akane is said to be saturated.
Keywords
 alkanes
23-00-10UN
Title
 Alkanes
Caption
 Structures of butane and pentane and their constitutional isomers (branched alkanes).
Notes
 Molecules that have the same molecular formula but have different connectivity of the atoms are called constitutional isomers
Keywords
 straight-chain, branched
23-00-11UN
Title
 Ethyl alcohol versus diethyl ether
Caption
 Two isomers of the molecular formula C2H6O. Ethyl alcohol has a boiling point of 78.5oC, while diethyl ether has a boiling point of -23oC.
Notes
 Constitutional isomers typically have different chemical and physical properties
Keywords
 isomers
23-00-13UN
Title
 Key Concept Example 23.1
Caption
 Give the formula of the following compound, and convert the model into a condensed structure.
Notes
 Key Concept Example 23.1
Keywords
 alkanes
23-00-15UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.4
Caption
 Give the formula of the following molecular model, and convert the model into a condensed structure.
Notes
 "Key Concept Problem 23.4—Structure of 2,2-dimethylpentane"
Keywords
 alkanes
23-00-17UN
Title
 2-Methylbutane
Caption
 Structure and ball-and-stick model of 2-methylbutane.
Notes
 2-Methylbutane
Keywords
 alkanes
23-00-20UN
Title
 Problem 23.6
Caption
 Are the following two structures identical?
Notes
 Problem 23.6—Identical alkane structures
Keywords
 alkanes
23-00-21UN
Title
 Organic nomenclature
Caption
 Systematic method of naming simple organic compounds.
Notes
 Introduction to the IUPAC system of naming organic compounds using Prefix-Parent-Suffix method
Keywords
 nomenclature
23-00-36UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.9
Caption
 What is the IUPAC name of the following alkane?
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.9—2,3-dimethylpentane
Keywords
 alkane, nomenclature
23-00-37UN
Title
 Cycloalkanes
Caption
 Ball-and-stick models and line-angle structures of the first four simple cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane.
Notes
 Although cycloalkanes are usually drawn as planar polygons, most are not planar but puckered.
Keywords
 cycloalkanes
23-00-38UN
Title
 Methylcyclohexane
Caption
 Ball-and-stick model and line-angle structure of methylcyclohexane.
Notes
 In line-angle structures, carbon and hydrogen are not usually shown explicitly. Carbon is assumed to be at every junction of lines, and the proper number of hydrogen atoms needed to give each carbon a total of four bonds is assumed.
Keywords
 line-angle structures, cycloalkanes
23-01
Title
 Functional groups
Caption
 Figure 23.1 The reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine. In both molecules, electrostatic potential maps show similar polarity patterns for the carbon-carbon double bond functional group. Bromine therefore reacts with both in the same way, regardless of the size and complexity of the remainder of the molecule.
Notes
 Bromine adds across the carbon-carbon double bond, breaking the pi bond in favor of two new sigma bonds between each carbon and a bromine atom.
Keywords
 functional groups
23-01-02UN
Title
 Some important families of organic molecules
Caption
 Table 23.2 Some Important Families of Organic Molecules.
Notes
 Organic functional groups
Keywords
 functional groups
23-01-03UN
Title
 Alkenes
Caption
 Structures and electrostatic potential maps for ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, and 2-butene.
Notes
 Structures of alkenes
Keywords
 alkenes
23-01-05UN
Title
 Alkene isomerism
Caption
 For alkenes with four or more carbons in the parent chain, geometric isomers (cis and trans) are possible.
Notes
 In an alkene, the double-bonded carbon atoms and atoms attached to them all lie in the same plane.
Keywords
 alkenes
23-02
Title
 Cis-trans isomerism
Caption
 Figure 23.2 Rotation around a carbon-carbon double bond requires a large amount of energy because p orbital overlap is destroyed. Cis-trans alkene isomers are stable and do not interchange as a result of this barrier to rotation.
Notes
 The pi bond, in addition to the sigma bond, between the two alkene carbons cause the structure to be conformationally locked allowing for cis and trans geometric isomers.
Keywords
 alkene, pi bond
23-02-01UN
Title
 Alkynes
Caption
 Structures of four simple alkynes: acetylene, propyne, 2-butyne, and 1-butyne.
Notes
 Alkynes are structurally similar to alkenes since they also contain pi bonds between the alkyne carbons. However, since the alkyne unit is linear there are no cis-trans isomers possible.
Keywords
 alkynes
23-02-09UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.19
Caption
 Draw the structure of the alcohol you would expect to obtain by acid-catalyzed reaction of the following cyclic alkene with water.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.19 Acid-catalyzed hydration of 4,4-dimethylcyclopentene
Keywords
 hydration
23-02-11UN
Title
 Benzaldehyde
Caption
 Benzaldehyde, a close structural relative of benzene, is an aromatic compound responsible for the odor of cherries.
Notes
 Benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde
Keywords
 benzaldehyde, aromatic compounds
23-03
Title
 Electronic structure of benzene
Caption
 Figure 23.3 Some representations of benzene: (a) a molecular model; (b) an orbital picture; and (c) two equivalent resonance structures, which differ only in the positions of the double bonds.
Notes
 The unique stability and lack of reactivity of benzene is due to the delocalization of the pi electrons around the entire six-membered ring.
Keywords
 benzene
23-04
Title
 Alcohols
Caption
 Figure 23.4 Alcohols, like water, form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. As a result, alcohols are relatively high boiling and are often soluble in water.
Notes
 Hydrogen bonding in alcohols
Keywords
 alcohols
23-04-02UN
Title
 Synthesis of methanol
Caption
 Synthesis of methanol through the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen gas.
Notes
 Synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas
Keywords
 methanol
23-04-03UN
Title
 Synthesis of ethanol
Caption
 Biosynthesis of ethanol through the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Notes
 Biosynthesis of ethanol from glucose
Keywords
 ethanol
23-04-04UN
Title
 Synthesis of 2-propanol
Caption
 Synthesis of 2-propanol through the acid-catalyzed hydration of propene.
Notes
 Synthesis of 2-propanol
Keywords
 2-propanol
23-04-05UN
Title
 Other alcohols
Caption
 Structures of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and phenol.
Notes
 Glycerol is a good moisturizing agent because it attracts water molecules, which hydrogen-bond with glycerol's three -OH groups.
Keywords
 alcohols
23-04-06UN
Title
 Ethers
Caption
 Structure of diethyl ether.
Notes
 Diethyl ether
Keywords
 ethers
23-04-08UN
Title
 Amines
Caption
 The characteristic aroma of ripe fish is due to methylamine, CH3NH2.
Notes
 Methylamine
Keywords
 amines
23-04-11UN
Title
 Carbonyl compounds
Caption
 Figure 23.5 Carbonyl compounds can be classified into two categories. Aldehydes and ketones are less polar, while carboxylic acids, ester, and amides are more polar.
Notes
 Structural comparisons of the carbonyl compounds aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides
Keywords
 carbonyl compounds
23-04-14UN
Title
 Formation of formaldehyde and acetone
Caption
 Formaldehyde is prepared through the oxidation of methanol; acetone is prepared by the oxidation of 2-propanol.
Notes
 Oxidation of alcohols yields carbonyl compounds
Keywords
 formaldehyde, acetone, oxidation
23-04-17UN
Title
 Acidity of carboxylic acids
Caption
 Carboxylic acids are acidic compounds that dissociate slightly in aqueous solution to give hydronium ion and carboxylate anion.
Notes
 Electrostatic potential map of acetic acid and acetate ion
Keywords
 carboxylic acids
23-04-19UN
Title
 Esters
Caption
 Structures of some common esters: acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), benzocaine, and pentyl acetate.
Notes
 Benzocaine is used as a local anesthetic and pentyl acetate is responsible for the distinctive odor of bananas
Keywords
 esters
23-04-23UN
Title
 Amides
Caption
 Synthesis of N-methylacetamide by condensation of acetic acid with methylamine.
Notes
 N-Methylacetamide
Keywords
 amides
23-04-32UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.26
Caption
 Draw the structure of the ester you would obtain by acid-catalyzed reaction of the following carboxylic acid with 2-propanol:
Notes
 Key concept problem 23.26
Keywords
 esters
23-04-34UNT03
Title
 Alkene polymers and their uses
Caption
 Table 23.3 Some Alkene Polymers and Their Uses.
Notes
 Table 23.3 Alkene Polymers and Their Uses
Keywords
 polymers
23-04-42UN
Title
 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Caption
 Whether from the laboratory or from food, the vitamin C is the same.
Notes
 The structure of ascorbic acid is the same regardless if its origin was from "natural" sources or "synthetic"
Keywords
 vitamin C, ascorbic acid
23-04-420UN
Title
 Key Concept Summary
Caption
 Organic Chemistry Key Concept Summary.
Notes
 Key Concept Summary for Chapter 23
Keywords
 key concept, summary
23-04-43UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.29
Caption
 Convert the following model into a condensed structure, and draw the structures of two isomeric compounds.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.29
Keywords
 key concept, organic structures
23-04-44UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.30
Caption
 Convert each of the following models into a condensed formula:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.30
Keywords
 key concept, organic structures
23-04-45UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.31
Caption
 Convert each of the following models into a chemical structure:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.31
Keywords
 key concept, organic structures
23-04-46UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.32
Caption
 Identify the functional groups in each of the following compounds:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.32
Keywords
 key concept, functional groups
23-04-47UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.33
Caption
 Give systematic names for the following compounds:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.33
Keywords
 key concept, nomenclature
23-04-48UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.34
Caption
 The following structure represents a segment of an alkene polymer. Identify the monomer from which the polymer was made.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.34
Keywords
 key concept, polymers
23-04-49UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.35
Caption
 Identify the carboxylic acid and alcohol from which the following ester was made:
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.35
Keywords
 key concept, esters
23-04-50UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.36
Caption
 Draw two isomers of the following compound.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.36
Keywords
 key concept, isomers
23-04-51UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 23.37
Caption
 Draw three resonance forms for naphthalene, showing the positions of the double bonds.
Notes
 Key Concept Problem 23.37
Keywords
 key concept, aromatic compounds
23-TB01
Title
 Table 23.1 Names of Straight-Chain Alkanes
Caption
Notes
Keywords
© 2004 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
A Pearson Company
Distance Learning at Prentice Hall
Legal Notice