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Key Concepts PowerPoint

Chapter 9
Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

  
09-00-01UN
Title
 Composition of Dry Air at Sea Level
Caption
 Table 9.1 Composition of dry air at sea level.
Notes
 Composition of dry air at sea level
Keywords
 gases, air composition
09-01
Title
 Gas Pressure
Caption
 Figure 9.1 (a) A gas is a large collection of particles moving at random throughout a volume that is primarily empty space. (b) Collisions of randomly moving particles with the walls of the container exert a force per unit area that we perceive as gas pressure.
Notes
 Gas pressure
Keywords
 gases, pressure
09-02
Title
 Atmospheric pressure
Caption
 Figure 9.2 A column of air 1.00 m2 in cross-sectional area extending from the earth’s surface through the upper atmosphere has a mass of about 10,300 kg, producing an atmospheric pressure of approximately 101,000 Pa.
Notes
 Atmospheric pressure (101 kPa)
Keywords
 pressure, atmospheric pressure
09-03
Title
 Mercury barometer
Caption
 Figure 9.3 A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure by determining the height of a mercury column supported in a sealed glass tube. The downward pressure of the mercury in the column is exactly balanced by the outside atmospheric pressure that presses down on the mercury in the dish and pushes it up the column.
Notes
 Mercury barometer, atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg
Keywords
 barometer, atmospheric pressure
09-04a, b
Title
 Open-end manometer
Caption
 Figure 9.4 Open-end manometers for measuring pressure in a gas-filled bulb. In (a), the pressure in the bulb is lower than atmospheric, so the mercury level is higher in the arm open to the bulb; in (b), the pressure in the bulb is higher than atmospheric, so the mercury level is higher in the arm open to the atmosphere.
Notes
 Pressure of a gas versus atmospheric pressure
Keywords
 manometer, gas pressure
09-04-02UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.4
Caption
 What is the pressure of the gas inside the apparatus (in mm Hg) if the outside pressure is 750 mm Hg?
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.4
Keywords
 gas pressure, manometer
09-05
Title
 Boyle's Law
Caption
 Figure 9.5 Boyle’s law. At constant n and T, the volume of a gas decreases proportionately as its pressure increases. If the pressure is doubled, the volume is halved.
Notes
 Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Keywords
 Boyle's law, volume, pressure
09-06
Title
 Plot of Boyle's Law
Caption
 Figure 9.6 Boyle’s law. (a) A plot of V versus P for a gas sample is a hyperbola, but (b) a plot of V versus 1/P is a straight line. Such a straight-line graph is characteristic of equations having the form y = mx +b.
Notes
 Linear relationship of V vs. (1/P)
Keywords
 Boyle's law, volume, pressure
09-06-01UN
Title
 Pressure-Volume data
Caption
 Table 9.2 Pressure-Volume Measurements on a Gas Sample.
Notes
 Pressure and volume data for a gas sample
Keywords
 pressure, volume, Boyle's law
09-07
Title
 Charles' Law
Caption
 Figure 9.7 Charles’ law. At constant n and P, the volume of a gas increases proportionately as its absolute temperature increases. If the absolute temperature is doubled, the volume is doubled.
Notes
 Volume is directly proportional to temperature
Keywords
 Charles' law, volume, temperature
09-07-02UN
Title
 Temperature-Volume data
Caption
 Table 9.3 Temperature-Volume Measurements on a Gas Sample at Constant n, P.
Notes
 Temperature and volume measurements for a gas sample
Keywords
 Charles' law, temperature, volume
09-08
Title
 Plot of Charles' law
Caption
 Figure 9.8 Charles’ law. A plot of V versus T for a gas sample is a straight line that can be extrapolated to absolute zero.
Notes
 Linear relationship of volume versus temperature
Keywords
 Charles' law, volume, temperature
09-09
Title
 Avogadro's Law
Caption
 Figure 9.9 Avogadro’s law. At constant T and P, the volume of a gas increases proportionately as its molar amount increases. If the molar amount is doubled, the volume is doubled.
Notes
 Volume and amount of gas (# of moles) are directly proportional
Keywords
 Avogadro's law, volume, moles, amount
09-09-01UN
Title
 Worked Example 9.3
Caption
 Show the approximate level of the movable piston in drawings (a) and (b) after the indicated changes have been made to the initial gas sample.
Notes
 Worked example 9.3
Keywords
 gas laws
09-09-02UN
Title
 Answer to Example 9.3
Caption
 Answer to Example 9.3 showing the piston levels.
Notes
 Answer to Example 9.3, using the gas laws
Keywords
 gas laws
09-09-04UN T04
Title
 Molar Volumes of Real Gases
Caption
 Table 9.4 Molar volumes of some real gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Notes
 Molar volumes of gases
Keywords
 molar volume, STP
09-09-06UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.10
Caption
 Show the approximate level of the movable piston in drawings (a), (b), and (c) after the indicated changes have been made to the gas.
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.10
Keywords
 key concept, gas laws
09-10-03UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.17
Caption
 What is the partial pressure of each gas—red, yellow, and green—if the total pressure inside the following container is 600 mm Hg?
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.17
Keywords
 mole fraction, partial pressure
09-11a-d
Title
 Gas law summary
Caption
 Figure 9.11 (a) Decreasing the volume of the gas at constant n and T increases the frequency of collisions with the container walls and therefore increases the pressure (Boyle’s law). (b) Increasing the temperature (kinetic energy) at constant n and P increases the volume of the gas (Charles’ law). (c) Increasing the amount of gas at constant T and P increases the volume (Avogadro’s law). (d) Changing the identity of some gas molecules at constant T and V has no effect on the pressure (Dalton’s law).
Notes
 Gas laws visual summary
Keywords
 gas laws
09-11-01UNT05
Title
 Average Speed of Some Molecules
Caption
 Table 9.5 Average speed (m/s) of some molecules at 25oC.
Notes
 Average speed versus molecular mass
Keywords
 velocity, molecular mass, kinetic-molecular theory
09-13
Title
 Diffusion and Effusion
Caption
 Figure 9.13 (a) Diffusion is the mixing of gas molecules by random motion under conditions where molecular collisions occur. (b) Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole without molecular collisions.
Notes
 Diffusion versus Effusion
Keywords
 Graham's law, diffusion, effusion
09-14
Title
 Behavior of Real Gases
Caption
 Figure 9.14 The volume taken up by the gas particles themselves is less important at lower pressure (a) than at higher pressure (b). As a result, the volume of a real gas at high pressure is somewhat larger than the ideal value.
Notes
 Real gas behavior deviates from that of an ideal gas
Keywords
 real gas, ideal gas
09-15
Title
 Attraction between gas particles
Caption
 Figure 9.15 Molecules attract one another at distances up to about 10 molecular diameters. The result of the attraction is a decrease in the actual volume of most real gases when compared with ideal gases at pressures up to 300 atm.
Notes
 Real gas behavior versus ideal gas behavior
Keywords
 real gas, ideal gas
09-16
Title
 Altitude, Pressure, and Temperature
Caption
 Figure 9.16 Variations of (a) atmospheric pressure and (b) average temperature with altitude. Four regions of the earth’s atmosphere can be defined based on the temperature variations.
Notes
 Pressure and temperature changes with respect to altitude
Keywords
 pressure, temperature, altitude
09-17
Title
 Concentration of atmospheric CO2
Caption
 Figure 9.17 Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 have increased dramatically in the last century as a result of increased fossil fuel use. Though the consequences to date have been small, atmospheric scientists worry that global atmospheric warming may soon occur.
Notes
 A plot of atmospheric CO2 concentration versus time (years)
Keywords
 carbon dioxide, greenhouse
09-18-02UN
Title
 Halothane
Caption
 Inhaled anesthetic agents are used to prepare patients for surgery.
Notes
 Halothane
Keywords
 Halothane
09-18-03UN
Title
 Enflurane
Caption
 Inhaled anesthetic agents are used to prepare patients for surgery.
Notes
 Enflurane
Keywords
 Enflurane
09-18-04UN
Title
 Isoflurane
Caption
 Inhaled anesthetic agents are used to prepare patients for surgery.
Notes
 Isoflurane
Keywords
 Isoflurane
09-18-05UN
Title
 Methoxyflurane
Caption
 Inhaled anesthetic agents are used to prepare patients for surgery.
Notes
 Methoxyflurane
Keywords
 Methoxyflurane
09-18-050UN
Title
 Key Concept Summary
Caption
 Gases: Their properties and behavior key concept summary.
Notes
 Key concept summary for Chapter 9
Keywords
 key concept, summary
09-18-07UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.27
Caption
 Assume that you have a sample of gas at 350 K in a sealed container, as represented in (a). Which of the drawings (b)-(d) represents the gas after the temperature is lowered from 350 K to 150 K?
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.27
Keywords
 key concept, gas, temperature
09-18-08UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.28
Caption
 Assume that you have a mixture of He (atomic mass = 4 amu) and Xe (atomic mass = 131 amu) at 300 K. Which of the drawings best represents the mixture (blue = He; green = Xe)?
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.28
Keywords
 key concept
09-18-10UN
Title
 Key Concept Problem 9.30
Caption
 The apparatus shown is called a closed-end manometer because the arm not connected to the gas sample is closed to the atmosphere and is under vacuum. Explain how you can read the gas pressure in the bulb.
Notes
 Key concept problem 9.30
Keywords
 key concept, manometer, pressure
09-18-14UN
Title
 Diagram for Problem 9.99
Caption
 The apparatus shown consists of three bulbs connected by stopcocks. What is the pressure inside the system when the stopcocks are opened? Assume that the lines connnecting the bulbs have zero volume and that the termperature remains constant.
Notes
 Problem 9.99
Keywords
 gas laws, pressure
09-TB06
Title
 Table 9.6 Relative Potency of Inhaled Anesthetics
Caption
Notes
Keywords
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