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Chapter 18
Organic Chemistry

18-00-04un

Title	Lewis structures for carbon, and other carbon compounds
Caption	Carbon, with four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds. Carbon's ability to bond with other carbon atoms produces a huge number of different compounds.
Notes	The enormous number of carbon-containing compounds makes it well-suited as the basis for life as we know it.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic

18-00-05un

Title	Structures of propane, isobutane, and cyclohexane
Caption	Carbon's ability to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms leads to an astonishing variety of structures.
Notes	Propane has a chain structure, isobutane has a branched structure, and cyclohexane has a ring structure.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, chain, branch, ring

18-00-06e

Title	Carbon often forms four covalent bonds, for a tetrahedral geometry
Caption	Methane is the simplest example of a molecule with tetrahedral geometry.
Notes	More complex molecules consisting of single-bonded carbon can be thought of as being made up of multiple tetrahedra.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent

18-00-07f

Title	Carbon can form a double bond, for a trigonal planar geometry
Caption	Ethylene is a simple example of a molecule that contains carbon with a double bond.
Notes	Ethylene molecules can be thought of as two triangles that meet at a point in the center of the double bond.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, trigonal planar, covalent, double

18-00-08g

Title	Carbon can form a triple bond, for a linear geometry
Caption	Acetylene is a simple example of a molecule that contains carbon with a triple bond.
Notes	Acetylene molecules can be thought of as two line segments that meet at a point in the center of the triple bond.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, linear, covalent, triple

18-01

Title	Classification scheme for hydrocarbons
Caption	Hydrocarbon classification flow chart. The formulas shown only apply to open chain (noncyclic) hydrocarbons.
Notes	Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made only of C and H. Saturated hydrocarbons are those that have all single-bonded carbons. Alkenes have at least one double bond, alkynes have at least one triple bond, and aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic compounds that have electrons that are delocalized over several carbon atoms.
Keywords	carbon, organic, hydrocarbon, alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated

18-01-03k

Title	Methane: the simplest common hydrocarbon
Caption	Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon that consists of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. The molecule assumes a tetrahedral geometry, and is nonpolar.
Notes	The structural formula is a two-dimensional representation of the molecule, and the spacefilling model attempts to represent the molecule in three dimensions. The structural formula is very closely related to the Lewis dot structure.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent, methane, structural formula, spacefilling model

18-01-04l

Title	Ethane: a two-carbon hydrocarbon
Caption	Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon that consists of two carbon atoms bonded to six hydrogen atoms. The molecule can be thought of as two fused tetrahedra, and is nonpolar.
Notes	The structural formula is a two-dimensional representation of the molecule, and the spacefilling model attempts to represent the molecule in three dimensions. The structural formula is very closely related to the Lewis dot structure.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent, ethane, structural formula, spacefilling model

18-01-05m

Title	Propane: a three-carbon hydrocarbon
Caption	Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon that consists of three carbon atoms bonded to eight hydrogen atoms. The molecule can be thought of as three fused tetrahedra, and is nonpolar.
Notes	The structural formula is a two-dimensional representation of the molecule, and the spacefilling model attempts to represent the molecule in three dimensions. The structural formula is very closely related to the Lewis dot structure. Propane's condensed structural formula is CH3CH2CH3.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent, propane, structural formula, spacefilling model, condensed structural formula

18-01-07o

Title	Butane: a four-carbon hydrocarbon
Caption	Butane is a saturated hydrocarbon that consists of four carbon atoms bonded to ten hydrogen atoms. The molecule can be thought of as four fused tetrahedra, and is nonpolar.
Notes	The structural formula is a two-dimensional representation of the molecule, and the spacefilling model attempts to represent the molecule in three dimensions. The structural formula is very closely related to the Lewis dot structure. Butane's condensed structural formula is CH3CH2CH2CH3.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent, butane, structural formula, spacefilling model, condensed structural formula

18-01-09p

Title	n-Pentane: a five-carbon hydrocarbon
Caption	n-Pentane is a saturated hydrocarbon that consists of five carbon atoms bonded to twelve hydrogen atoms. The molecule can be thought of as five fused tetrahedra, and is nonpolar.
Notes	The structural formula is a two-dimensional representation of the molecule, and the spacefilling model attempts to represent the molecule in three dimensions. The structural formula is very closely related to the Lewis dot structure. n-Pentane's condensed structural formula is CH3(CH2)mCH3, where m = 3.
Keywords	carbon, Lewis structure, valence, electron, organic, tetrahedral, covalent, pentane, structural formula, spacefilling model, condensed structural formula, normal alkane

18-02

Title	Uses of hydrocarbons
Caption	Hydrocarbons are often used as fuels.
Notes	In general, the more carbon atoms a hydrocarbon has in its molecules, the higher the boiling point. Therefore we know some hydrocarbons as gases, some as liquids, and some as solids.
Keywords	organic, hydrocarbon, fuel

18-02-01_T01

Title	Alkanes
Caption	The normal alkanes, with up to 10 carbons.
Notes	The alkane series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n+2. Alkanes are all saturated hydrocarbons.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed structural formula, normal alkane

18-02-02un

Title	n-Octane: an example of an alkane
Caption	n-Octane can be thought of as an eight-carbon "backbone," with additional H's bonded to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Notes	The alkane series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n+2. Alkanes are all saturated hydrocarbons. Octane is a major component of gasoline.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed structural formula, normal alkane, octane

18-02-03un

Title	Skillbuilder 18.2: structure for C5H12
Caption	n-Pentane, C5H12, can be thought of as a five-carbon "backbone," with additional H's bonded to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets. The condensed structural formula is CH3(CH2)3CH3.
Notes	The alkane series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n+2. Alkanes are all saturated hydrocarbons.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed structural formula, normal alkane, pentane

18-02-04q

Title	Isobutane: a four-carbon hydrocarbon
Caption	Isobutane differs from n-butane not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone: isobutane has a three-carbon backbone, with a one-carbon branch from the middle carbon; n-butane has a "straight" four-carbon backbone. In both cases, additional H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Notes	The alkane series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n+2. Alkanes are all saturated hydrocarbons.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, butane, isobutane

18-02-05un

Title	Isomers of hexane: Example 18.3
Caption	In addition to n-hexane, hexane has four branched structures, as indicated by the carbon backbones.
Notes	The isomers differ not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone: the branched hexane isomers have a four- or five-carbon backbone, with the remaining carbons branching from one or more of the middle carbons. In all cases, additional H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, hexane, isomer

18-02-06un

Title	Isomers of hexane with hydrogens shown: Example 18.3
Caption	In addition to n-hexane, hexane has four branched structures, as indicated by the carbon backbones. The hydrogens help the carbons to complete their octets.
Notes	The isomers differ not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone: the branched hexane isomers have a four- or five-carbon backbone, with the remaining carbons branching from one or more of the middle carbons. In all cases, additional H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, hexane, isomer

18-02-07un

Title	Isomers of pentane with hydrogens shown: Skillbuilder 18.3
Caption	Pentane has, of course, a straight-chain isomer, shown at left. In addition to n-pentane, pentane has two branched structures, shown center and right. The hydrogens help the carbons to complete their octets.
Notes	The isomers differ not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone. In all cases, additional H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, pentane, isomer

18-02-08_T03

Title	Common alkyl groups
Caption	Alkyl groups are the branches that are found in branched hydrocarbons. Their recognizable formulas led chemists to agree on names for the groups. Some of the most common are listed in this table.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached. For example, isobutane would be named 2-methylpropane.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl

18-02-09un

Title	Example 18.4: 3-ethylhexane structure
Caption	A six-C chain is longest; the base name is hexane. The third C from the left has an ethyl alkyl group, so the name is 3-ethylhexane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 3-ethylhexane

18-02-10un

Title	Example 18.4: The hexane chain in 3-ethylhexane
Caption	A six-C chain is longest; the base name is hexane. The third C from the left has an ethyl alkyl group, so the name is 3-ethylhexane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 3-ethylhexane

18-02-11un

Title	Example 18.4: The ethyl branch in 3-ethylhexane
Caption	A six-C chain is longest; the base name is hexane. The third C from the left has an ethyl alkyl group, so the name is 3-ethylhexane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 3-ethylhexane

18-02-12un

Title	Example 18.4: The numbering of the base chain in 3-ethylhexane
Caption	A six-C chain is longest; the base name is hexane. The third C from the left has an ethyl alkyl group, so the name is 3-ethylhexane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 3-ethylhexane

18-02-13un

Title	Skillbuilder 18.4: The structure for 2-methylpropane
Caption	A three-C chain is longest; the base name is propane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, so the name is 2-methylpropane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 2-methylpropane

18-02-14un

Title	Example 18.5: The structure for 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
Caption	A seven-C chain is longest; the base name is heptane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left has an ethyl group, so the name is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

18-02-15un

Title	Example 18.5: The heptane backbone for 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane is highlighted
Caption	A seven-C chain is longest; the base name is heptane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left has an ethyl group, so the name is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

18-02-16un

Title	Example 18.5: The methyl and ethyl branches in 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane are highlighted
Caption	A seven-C chain is longest; the base name is heptane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left has an ethyl group, so the name is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

18-02-17un

Title	Example 18.5: The base chain in 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane is numbered
Caption	A seven-C chain is longest; the base name is heptane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left has an ethyl group, so the name is 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

18-02-18un

Title	Skillbuilder 18.5: 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane structure
Caption	A five-C chain is longest; the base name is pentane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the third C from the left has an ethyl group, so the name is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached. Note the alphabetical order of the group names.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

18-02-19un

Title	Example 18.6: the structure of 2,4-dimethylpentane
Caption	A five-C chain is longest; the base name is pentane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left also has a methyl group. We use Greek prefixes to indicate multiples of an alkyl group, with the main-chain carbon numbers to the left of the Greek prefix. The name is 2,4-dimethylpentane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 2,4-dimethylpentane

18-02-20un

Title	Example 18.6: the structure of 2,4-dimethylpentane, with pentane backbone highlighted
Caption	A five-C chain is longest; the base name is pentane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left also has a methyl group. We use Greek prefixes to indicate multiples of an alkyl group, with the main-chain carbon numbers to the left of the Greek prefix. The name is 2,4-dimethylpentane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 2,4-dimethylpentane

18-02-21un

Title	Example 18.6: the structure of 2,4-dimethylpentane, with pentane backbone numbered and methyl groups indicated
Caption	A five-C chain is longest; the base name is pentane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C from the left also has a methyl group. We use Greek prefixes to indicate multiples of an alkyl group, with the main-chain carbon numbers to the left of the Greek prefix. The name is 2,4-dimethylpentane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 2,4-dimethylpentane

18-02-22un

Title	Skillbuilder 18.6: the structure of 2,3,5-trimethylhexane
Caption	A six-C chain is longest; the base name is hexane. The second C from the left has a methyl alkyl group, and the fourth C and fifth C from the left also have a methyl group. We use Greek prefixes to indicate multiples of an alkyl group, with the main-chain carbon numbers to the left of the Greek prefix. The name is 2,3,5-trimethylhexane.
Notes	Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. The system assigns the base name according to the longest chain in the hydrocarbon, then the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. The alkyl group is numbered by counting in from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, isomer, alkyl, 2,3,5-trimethylhexane

18-02-23r

Title	Ethylene has a double bond
Caption	Ethylene is a simple example of a molecule that contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Four H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Notes	The alkene series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n. Alkenes are all unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, spacefilling model, alkene, ethylene, ethene

18-02-25_T04

Title	Some common alkenes, with up to 6 carbons
Caption	The alkene series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Notes	Alkenes are molecules that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The remaining C-C bonds can be single bonds. As with the alkanes, H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed structural formula, alkene

18-02-26t

Title	Acetylene has a triple bond
Caption	Acetylene (ethyne) is a simple example of a molecule that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond. Two H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Notes	The alkyne series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n-2. Alkynes are all unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, spacefilling model, alkyne, acetylene, ethyne

18-03-001_T05

Title	Some common alkynes, with up to 6 carbons
Caption	The alkyne series follows the molecular formula pattern, CnH2n-2. Alkynes are all unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Notes	Alkynes are molecules that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. The remaining C-C bonds can be single bonds. As with the alkanes and alkenes, H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, condensed structural formula, alkyne

18-03-002un

Title	The structure for 2-methyl-2-pentene
Caption	A five-C chain is longest; the base name is pentene. The second C from the right has a methyl alkyl group, and the carbon-carbon double bond is between the second and third carbons. The name is 2-methyl-2-pentene.
Notes	The alkene is numbered according to the location of the double bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the double bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the double bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkene, isomer, alkyl, 2-methyl-2-pentene

18-03-003un

Title	The structures for (a) 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene, and (b) 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne
Caption	(a) A six-C chain containing C=C is longest; the base name is hexene. The C=C is between the third and fourth C, giving us 3-hexene. The third and fourth C's from the left each have a methyl alkyl group, so the Greek prefix "di" is used. The full name is 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene.(b) A five-C chain containing the triple bond is longest; the base name is pentyne. The triple bond is between the first and second C, giving us 1-pentyne. The third C has an isopropyl branch, and the fourth C has a methyl alkyl group, so the full name is 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkene, alkyne, alkyl, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene, 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne

18-03-004un

Title	The structures for 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene, with base chain highlighted
Caption	A six-C chain containing C=C is longest; the base name is hexene. The C=C is between the third and fourth C, giving us 3-hexene. The third and fourth C's from the left each have a methyl alkyl group, so the Greek prefix "di" is used. The full name is 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkene, alkyl, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene

18-03-005un

Title	The structures for 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene, with methyl branches highlighted
Caption	A six-C chain containing C=C is longest; the base name is hexene. The C=C is between the third and fourth C, giving us 3-hexene. The third and fourth C's from the left each have a methyl alkyl group, so the Greek prefix "di" is used. The full name is 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkene, alkyl, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene

18-03-006un

Title	The structure for 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne, with main chain highlighted
Caption	A five-C chain containing the triple bond is longest; the base name is pentyne. The triple bond is between the first and second C, giving us 1-pentyne. The third C has an isopropyl branch, and the fourth C has a methyl alkyl group, so the full name is 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkyne, alkyl, 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne

18-03-007un

Title	The structure for 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne, with alkyl branches highlighted
Caption	A five-C chain containing the triple bond is longest; the base name is pentyne. The triple bond is between the first and second C, giving us 1-pentyne. The third C has an isopropyl branch, and the fourth C has a methyl alkyl group, so the full name is 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the main chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the main chain, and the main chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkyne, alkyl, 3-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-pentyne

18-03-008un

Title	The structure for 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne
Caption	A five-C chain containing the triple bond is longest; the base name is pentyne. The triple bond is between the second and third C, giving us 2-pentyne. The fourth C has two methyl alkyl groups, so the full name is 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne. Note that the base chain (backbone) C's are counted so that the triple bond is at the lower-numbered carbon.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the base chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the base chain, and the base chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkyne, alkyl, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne

18-03-009un

Title	The structure for 3-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene
Caption	A seven-C chain containing the double bond is longest; the base name is heptene. The double bond is between the first and second C, giving us 1-heptene. The third C has an ethyl alkyl group, and the fourth and sixth C's each have a methyl group. The full name is 3-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene. Note that the base chain (backbone) C's are counted so that the double bond is at the lower-numbered carbon.
Notes	Alkenes and alkynes are numbered according to the location of the double or triple bond. For example, if the double bond is between the second and third carbons in the base chain, we have a 2-alkene; between the fifth and sixth carbons, a 5-alkene, and so on. Note that the multiple bond must be in the base chain, and the base chain numbering must result in the lowest number for the double or triple bond. Alkyl groups help to determine the names of branched hydrocarbons. As with alkanes, the alkyl group's name forms a prefix to the base name. Unless in conflict with the multiple bond numbering, the alkyl group is numbered by counting from the end of the chain to the carbon on which the alkyl group is attached.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, alkene, alkyl, 3-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene

18-03-010un

Title	A substitution reaction yields chloromethane
Caption	A Cl atom from Cl2 can replace one of the H's in methane to make chloromethane, as shown. Heat or light supplies the energy to break up the octets of CH4 and Cl2, allowing the reaction to occur.
Notes	This reaction is called halogen substitution, and works similarly for other other halogens and other alkanes. Larger alkanes may experience multiple substitution.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, alkane, alkyl, halogen, substitution, methane, chlorine, chloromethane

18-03-011un

Title	A substitution reaction yields chloroethane
Caption	A Cl atom from Cl2 can replace one of the H's in methane to make chloroethane, as shown. Heat or light supplies the energy to break up the octets of C2H6 and Cl2, allowing the reaction to occur.
Notes	This reaction is called halogen substitution, and works similarly for other other halogens and other alkanes. Larger alkanes may experience multiple substitution.In general, an alkane reacts with a halogen, to form an alkyl halide and a hydrogen halide. The form is: R-H + X2 --> R-X + HX
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, alkane, alkyl, halogen, substitution, ethane, chlorine, chloroethane

18-03-012un

Title	An addition reaction yields dichloroethane from ethylene
Caption	The Cl atoms from Cl2 can add across the double bond in ethylene to make dichloroethane, as shown. The double bond breaks, leaving a single bond between the two C's.
Notes	This reaction is called an addition reaction, and works similarly for other other halogens and other alkenes. Alkenes with more than one double bond may experience multiple substitution.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, alkene, alkyl, halogen, addition reaction, ethylene, chlorine, dichloroethane

18-03-013un

Title	Hydrogenation reactions: a special type of addition reaction
Caption	The H atoms from H2 can add across a double bond much liek halogen atoms can. The addition converts an alkene to an alkane, as shown. The double bond breaks, leaving a single bond between the two C's. A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
Notes	This reaction is called a hydrogenation reaction, and is a type of addition reaction. Alkenes with more than one double bond may experience multiple hydrogenation. This reaction is done on unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as vegetable oils, to make the oils solidify at room temperature: saturated fats tend to be solid at higher temperatures than unsaturated fats.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, alkene, alkyl, halogen, addition reaction, ethylene, chlorine, dichloroethane

18-03-015un

Title	Benzene: a hydrocarbon that has resonance sructures
Caption	Benzene has two resonance structures, as shown, but both structures exhibit alternating single and double bonds around the hexagonal carbon "ring". Real benzene has only one structure; measurement shows that all of the C-C bond lengths are equal, and are intermediate between that expected for a single and a double bond.
Notes	Benzene is an important part of many larger organic compounds. However, exposure to benzene itself is hazardous.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic

18-03-016w

Title	Spacefilling model of benzene
Caption	Benzene has a flat structure: all 12 atoms lie in the same plane. The molecule is nonpolar, making benzene soluble in many organic solvents, such as hydrocarbons.
Notes	Benzene is an important part of many larger organic compounds. However, exposure to benzene itself is hazardous.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, spacefilling model

18-03-017un

Title	Ways to represent benzene in structural formulas
Caption	Benzene has a flat structure: all 12 atoms lie in the same plane. The molecule is nonpolar, making benzene soluble in many organic solvents, such as hydrocarbons.
Notes	Benzene is an important part of many larger organic compounds. However, exposure to benzene itself is hazardous.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula

18-03-018un

Title	Hydrogen in benzene can undergo substitution to form other compounds
Caption	One or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In these examples, a -Cl and an -OH has replaced a hydrogen.
Notes	The substitution produces compounds with properties that can be very different from those of unsubstituted benzene.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution

18-03-019un

Title	Monosubstituted benzene
Caption	One or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In these examples, a -Br and an ethyl group has replaced a hydrogen. The compounds are named by using the group's prefix, followed by the name, "benzene". Here, for example, we see bromobenzene and ethylbenzene.
Notes	The substitution produces compounds with properties that can be very different from those of unsubstituted benzene.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, bromobenzene, ethylbenzene

18-03-020un

Title	Examples of monosubstituted benzene compounds
Caption	One or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In these examples, a -CH3, -NH2, -OH, and -CH=CH2 all have replaced a hydrogen. The compounds have special names, perhaps because of their importance: toluene, aniline, phenol, styrene.
Notes	Toluene is found in some kinds of glue, aniline is used to make dyes, phenol disinfects hospitals, and styrene is used to make plastic.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, toluene, aniline, phenol, styrene

18-03-022un

Title	In larger molecules, benzene is thought of as a group
Caption	In these examples, the alkane is the molecule's "backbone", on which the benzene ring is attached. When benzene is a group, it is given the name "phenyl", hence, 3-phenylheptane, and 4-phenyl-1-hexene. The normal naming rules for alkanes and alkenes apply.
Notes	The properties will depend on how large the substituents are.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 3-phenylheptane, 4-phenyl-1-hexene

18-03-023un

Title	Benzene can be disubstituted
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. For 1-chloro-3-ethylbenzene, "chloro" gets the "1" because it is earlier in alphabetical order than "ethyl". Counting from the Cl, the ethyl group is at position "3". For 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, "bromo" is earlier in alphabetical order than "chloro". Counting from the Br, the Cl is at position "2".
Notes	The isomers will have generally similar, but not identical, properties.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, 1-chloro-3-ethylbenzene, 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, isomer

18-03-024un

Title	Disubstituted benzenes use the di- prefix if both substituents are the same.
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituent, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order.
Notes	The three isomers of dichlorobenzene are distinguished by the numbering. They will have generally similar, but not identical, properties.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, dichlorobenzene, isomer

18-03-025un

Title	Disubstituted benzenes can use the ortho-, meta- or para- di- prefix if both substituents are the same
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. As an alternative to numbering around the ring, chemists often use ortho-, meta- or para- to denote 1,2; 1,3; or 1,4 disubstitution, respectively.
Notes	The three isomers of dichlorobenzene are distinguished by the numbering. They will have generally similar, but not identical, properties.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, dichlorobenzene, isomer ortho, meta, para

18-03-026un

Title	Example 18.8: 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. For 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, "bromo" gets the "1" because it is earlier in alphabetical order than "chloro". Counting from the Br, the chloro group is at position "2".
Notes	The compound has two other isomers. What are they?
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, isomer

18-03-027un

Title	Example 18.8: 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, pointing out bromo and chloro groups
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. For 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, "bromo" gets the "1" because it is earlier in alphabetical order than "chloro". Counting from the Br, the chloro group is at position "2".
Notes	The compound has two other isomers. What are they?
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, isomer

18-03-028un

Title	Skillbuilder 18.8: 1,3-dibromobenzene
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. Countiing from either Br, the other is at position "3". The name is 1,3-dibromobenzene, or meta-dibromobenzene.
Notes	The compound has two other isomers. What are they?
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, 1,3-dibromobenzene, meta-dibromobenzene, isomer

18-03-031_T06

Title	Seven organic families: examples of functional groups
Caption	By substituting a functional group for a hydrogen on an alkane, we can get a member of an organic family. The compounds within a family show similarities in their physical and chemical properties.
Notes	In the table, the "R" denotes the hydrocarbon group to which the functional group is attached. Other organic families exist, but these are among the most common.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine

18-03-032x

Title	Spacefilling models of alcohols: ethanol and 1-butanol
Caption	Alcohols have the general formula, R-OH. Here are two examples.
Notes	Alcohols are named similarly to alkanes. The base chain is the longest chain containing the -OH functional group. The name ends with -ol, and the numbering gives the -OH group the lowest possible number. The number designating the -OH position appears at the front of the base name.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, spacefilling model, ethanol, 1-butanol

18-03-033un

Title	Structural formulas of alcohols: 2-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol
Caption	Alcohols have the general formula, R-OH. Here are two examples. For 2-pentanol, the base chain has five C atoms; the -OH is on carbon #2. For 3-methyl-1-butanol, the base chain has four C's. The -OH is on carbon #1; by that numbering, the methyl group is on carbon #3.
Notes	Alcohols are named similarly to alkanes. The base chain is the longest chain containing the -OH functional group. The name ends with -ol, and the numbering gives the -OH group the lowest possible number. The number designating the -OH position appears at the front of the base name.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, structural formula

18-03-036aa

Title	Spacefilling models of ethers: dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, and diethyl ether.
Caption	Ethers have the general formula, R-O-R. Here are three examples.
Notes	Formal naming rules for ethers are not taught in this text, but common names follow the pattern, (R group 1) (R group 2) ether. If the R-groups are identical, the prefix di- is used.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, spacefilling model, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether

18-03-037un

Title	General formulas of aldehydes and ketones
Caption	Aldehydes and ketones both have a C=O bond. In aldehydes, the C=O bond is found at a terminal carbon atom, but in ketones, the C=O bond is between two alkyl groups.
Notes	Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. To name an aldehyde, we identify the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -al ending. For example, CH3CH2COH would be propanal. Ketones are also named by identifying the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group. The -e in the name of the chain is replaced by -one, and numbering is used to show where the carbonyl group appears. For example, CH3CH2COCH2CH3 would be 3-pentanone.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, aldehyde, ketone, carbonyl, general formula

18-03-038un

Title	The carbonyl group
Caption	The carbonyl group is the distinguishing feature of aldehydes and ketones. It gives these compounds a measure of polarity.
Notes	Aldehydes and ketones both have a carbonyl group. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is found at a terminal carbon atom, but in ketones, the carbonyl group is between two alkyl groups.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, aldehyde, ketone, carbonyl, general formula

18-03-039bb

Title	Formaldehyde (methanal): structure, and spacefilling model
Caption	Formaldehyde, also known as methanal, is the simplest aldehyde: the carbonyl group has hydrogen on both sides. It is a gas with a pungent odor, effective as a preservative and disinfectant.
Notes	Formaldehyde is polar, so it dissolves in polar solvents such as water. When dissolved in water, the solution is called formalin, and is used in preparing bodies for burial.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, molecular formula, aldehyde, formaldehyde, methanal

18-03-042un

Title	Structural formulas and spacefilling models of four aldehydes and ketones
Caption	The two upper examples are aldehydes; the two lower are ketones. Note that all have the carbonyl group.
Notes	To name an aldehyde, we identify the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -al ending. For example, CH3CH2CH2COH would be butanal. Ketones are also named by identifying the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group. The -e in the name of the chain is replaced by -one, and numbering is used to show where the carbonyl group appears. For example, CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH3 would be 3-hexanone.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, molecular formula, aldehyde, ketone, butanal, pentanal, 2-pentanone, 3-hexanone

18-03-043un

Title	Structural formulas of three aromatic aldehydes
Caption	Aromatic aldehydes sometimes give pleasant aromas to fruits, spices, etc.
Notes	Naming rules for aromatic aldehydes are so complex that many aldehydes, such as the three shown here, are known by common names instead.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, molecular formula, aldehyde, aromatic, cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde, vanillin

18-03-048un

Title	Structural formulas of three ketones
Caption	Like aromatic aldehydes, ketones sometimes give pleasant aromas to fruits, spices, etc. 2-heptanone is responsible for the aroma of cloves; carvone gives spearmint its aroma, and ionone gives raspberries their distinctive aroma.
Notes	Large ketones are usually known by their common names.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, molecular formula, ketone, 2-heptanone, carvone, ionone

18-03-049un

Title	General formulas of carboxylic acids and esters
Caption	Carboxylic acids have a -COOH functional group attached to a hydrocarbon group. Esters are similar to carboxylic acids, but the H in the -COOH group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group.
Notes	To name a carboxylic acid, we identify the longest chain that contains the -COOH group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -oic acid ending. For example, CH3CH2COOH would be propanoic acid. To name an ester, begin with the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replace the -ic acid ending with the -ate suffix. The name of the hydrocarbon group that replaces the H in the -COOH group precedes the acid name. For example, CH3CH2COOCH3 would be named methyl propanoate.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, carboxylic acid, ester, general formula

18-03-050hh

Title	Structural formulas and spacefilling models of carboxylic acids and esters
Caption	The upper two structures have the -COOH group: these are the carboxylic acids. The lower two examples have the general formula, RCOOR: these are the esters.
Notes	To name a carboxylic acid, we identify the longest chain that contains the -COOH group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -oic acid ending. To name an ester, begin with the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replace the -ic acid ending with the -ate suffix. The name of the hydrocarbon group that replaces the H in the -COOH group precedes the acid name.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, carboxylic acid, ester, ethanoic acid, acetic acid, butanoic acid, methyl butanoate, ethyl propanoate

18-03-051un

Title	Structural formulas of propanoic acid and pentanoic acid
Caption	The structures have the -COOH group: these are the carboxylic acids.
Notes	To name a carboxylic acid, we identify the longest chain that contains the -COOH group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -oic acid ending.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, carboxylic acid, propanoic acid, pentanoic acid

18-03-052un

Title	Structural formulas of esters methyl propanoate and ethyl pentanoate
Caption	Both examples have the general formula, RCOOR: these are esters.
Notes	To name an ester, begin with the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replace the -ic acid ending with the -ate suffix. The name of the hydrocarbon group that replaces the H in the -COOH group precedes the acid name.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, carboxylic acid, ester, methyl propanoate, ethyl pentanoate

18-03-056un

Title	Structural formulas of common carboxylic acids: formic acid, lactic acid, citric acid
Caption	These carboxylic acids are all common and important substances. Formic (methanoic) acid is one of the substances in ant bites and bee stings that irritates the skin. Lactic acid, found in sour milk, is also produced in muscles after vigorous exercise, and is responsible for muscle soreness. Citric acid contributes to the flavor of citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, and oranges.
Notes	To name a carboxylic acid, we identify the longest chain that contains the -COOH group. We replace the -e in the name of this chain with an -oic acid ending.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, carboxylic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, methanoic acid

18-03-057un

Title	Structural formulas of esters ethyl butanoate and methyl butanoate
Caption	Both examples have the general formula, RCOOR: these are esters. Ethyl butanoate is responsible for the smell and taste of pineapples. Methyl butanoate gives apples their distinctive smell and taste.
Notes	To name an ester, begin with the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replace the -ic acid ending with the -ate suffix. The name of the hydrocarbon group that replaces the H in the -COOH group precedes the acid name.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, carboxylic acid, ester, ethyl butanoate, methyl butanoate

18-03-058ll

Title	Structural formulas and spacefilling models of ethylamine and ethylmethylamine
Caption	The two structures have hydrocarbon groups attached to a nitrogen. Amines are notorious for their bad odors.
Notes	To name an amine, list each hydrocarbon group in alphabetical order, followed by the word "amine". If groups are duplicated, the Greek prefixes, di- or tri- are used, as appropriate.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, ethylamine, ethylmethylamine, amine, nitrogen, ammonia

18-03-060un

Title	Structural formulas of trimethylamine and cadaverine
Caption	The two structures have hydrocarbon groups attached to a nitrogen. Trimethylamine causes the odor of rotten fish, and cadaverine contributes strongly to the odor of rotting flesh.
Notes	To name an amine, list each hydrocarbon group in alphabetical order, followed by the word "amine". If groups are duplicated, the Greek prefixes, di- or tri- are used, as appropriate.
Keywords	functional group, organic, structural formula, trimethylamine, cadaverine, amine, nitrogen, ammonia

18-03-061nn

Title	Polyethylene forms when ethylene monomer reacts
Caption	The double bonds on the monomer molecules open up, leaving a single bond between the two C's in the monomer, and a pair of electrons that can form a single bond with a C in a neighboring monomer. Polyethylene forms when countless monomers repeat this process.
Notes	The polyethylene molecule has the formula, (CH2)n, where n is a huge number - often in the millions.
Keywords	polymer, ethylene, ethene, monomer, alkene, polyethylene

18-03-064pp

Title	Polyvinyl chloride forms when chloroethene monomer reacts
Caption	The double bonds on the monomer molecules open up, leaving a single bond between the two C's in the monomer, and a pair of electrons that can form a single bond with a C in a neighboring monomer. Polyvinyl chloride forms when countless monomers repeat this process.
Notes	The polyvinyl chloride molecule has the formula, (CH2CHCl)n, where n is a huge number - often in the millions.
Keywords	polymer, ethylene, ethene, monomer, alkene, polyvinyl chloride, chloroethene

18-03-067un

Title	Nylon 6,6: A copolymer
Caption	Nylon 6,6 forms when hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid join together, with the elimination of a water molecule. The dimer that forms can then join with other dimers to make the polymer.
Notes	Nylon is an extremely imporant product, used to make cloth, carpet, fishing line, and many other products.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, nylon 6,6, hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid, copolymer, dimer

18-03-068un

Title	Isomers of pentyne: Example 18.10
Caption	Pentyne, C5H8, has three isomers, as represented by these carbon backbones. From top to bottom, the isomers are 1-pentyne, 2-pentyne, and 3-methyl-1-butyne.
Notes	The isomers differ not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone. In all cases, five H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkyne, pentyne, isomer, 1-pentyne, 2-pentyne, 3-methyl-1-butyne

18-03-069un

Title	Isomers of pentyne, showing hydrogens: Example 18.10
Caption	Pentyne, C5H8, has three isomers, as represented by these carbon backbones. From top to bottom, the isomers are 1-pentyne, 2-pentyne, and 3-methyl-1-butyne.
Notes	The isomers differ not in the number of atoms, but in the arrangement of the carbon backbone. In all cases, five H's bond to the carbons to satisfy all carbons' octets.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkyne, pentyne, isomer, 1-pentyne, 2-pentyne, 3-methyl-1-butyne

18-03-070un

Title	Example 18.11: 2,4-dimethylpentane
Caption	In this molecule, the longest chain has five carbons: a pentane. Numbering from either the left or the right, we find methyl groups on carbons #2 and #4. The Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated. The name is 2,4-dimethylpentane.
Notes	This compound is an alkane.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, 2,4-dimethylpentane

18-03-071un

Title	Example 18.11: 2,4-dimethylpentane, showing the base chain numbering
Caption	In this molecule, the longest chain has five carbons: a pentane. Numbering from either the left or the right, we find methyl groups on carbons #2 and #4. The Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated. The name is 2,4-dimethylpentane.
Notes	This compound is an alkane.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, 2,4-dimethylpentane

18-03-072un

Title	Structural formula of 4-methyl-2-pentyne: Example 18.12
Caption	In this molecule, the longest chain that includes the triple bond has five carbons: a pentyne. Numbering from the right, we find a methyl group on carbon #4. The name is 4-methyl-2-pentyne.
Notes	The molecule is an alkyne.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkyne, pentyne, 4-methyl-2-pentyne.

18-03-073un

Title	Example 18.13: iodobenzene a monosubstituted benzene
Caption	One or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In this example, an -I has replaced a hydrogen. The compound is named by using the group's prefix, followed by the name, "benzene". Here, for example, we see iodobenzene.
Notes	The substitution produces compounds with properties that can be very different from those of unsubstituted benzene.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, iodobenzene

18-03-074un

Title	Example 18.13: 2-phenylhexane
Caption	In this example, the alkane is the molecule's "backbone", on which the benzene ring is attached. When benzene is a group, it is given the name "phenyl", hence, 2-phenylhexane. The normal naming rules for alkanes and alkenes apply, so the phenyl group is located at carbon #2, counting from the left in the hexane chain.
Notes	The properties will depend on how large the substituents are.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 2-phenylhexane

18-03-075un

Title	Example 18.13: 1-iodo-3-methylbenzene, or 3-iodotoluene
Caption	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. For 1-iodo-3-methylbenzene, "iodo" gets the "1" because it is earlier in alphabetical order than "methyl". Counting from the I, the methyl group is at position "3".
Notes	Because toluene is a common name for methylbenzene, chemists often think of this compound as a monosubstituted toluene molecule: 3-iodotoluene.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, 1-iodo-3-methylbenzene, 3-iodotoluene, isomer

18-03-076un

Title	Example 18.13: metadiethylbenzene, or m-diethylbenzene
Caption	This benzene molecule contains two -CH2CH3 groups in the meta- position. Because the groups are identical, the Greek prefix di- is used: metadiethylbenzene. Often, chemists abbreviate the "meta" prefix to "m": m-diethylbenzene.
Notes	When more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order. For the example shown, the second -CH2CH3 group is at position 3, relative to the first -CH2CH3 group. Because the groups are identical, the Greek prefix di- is used. The name, 1,3-diethylbenzene is also correct.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, disubstituted, metadiethylbenzene, m-diethylbenzene, isomer

18-03-077un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 45: naming alkanes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkanes shown?
Notes	(a) n-pentane(b) 2-methylbutane(c) 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane(d) 3,3-dimethylpentaneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, n-pentane, 2-methyl-butane, 4-ethyl-2-methyl-hexane, 3,3-dimethylpentane

18-03-078un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 46: naming alkanes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkanes shown?
Notes	(a) n-butane(b) 4-propyloctane(c) 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane(d) 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-dimethylbutaneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, n-butane, 4-propyloctane, 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane, 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-dimethylbutane

18-03-079un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 49: naming alkanes
Caption	What is wrong with the names of each of the four alkanes shown?
Notes	(a) The base chain really has five carbons: n-pentane(b) The base chain really has six carbons, with a methyl group on C#3: 3-methylhexane(c) Methyl shows up twice: use a Greek prefix: 2,3-dimethylpentane
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, n-pentane, 3-methylhexane, 2,3-dimethylpentane

18-03-080un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 50: naming alkanes
Caption	What is wrong with the names of each of the four alkanes shown?
Notes	(a) The base chain really has six carbons: n-hexane(b) The base chain really has eight carbons, with methyl groups on C#3 and C#4: 3,4-dimethyloctane(c) The base chain really has five carbons, with methyl groups on C#2 and C#3: 2,3-dimethylpentane
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkane, n-hexane, 3,4-dimethyloctane, 2,3-dimethylpentane

18-03-081un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 55: naming alkenes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkenes shown?
Notes	(a) 2-pentene(b) 4-methyl-2-pentene(c) 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene(d) 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexeneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkene, 2-pentene, 4-methyl-2-pentene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexene

18-03-082un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 56: naming alkenes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkenes shown?
Notes	(a) 1-butene(b) 4-ethyl-2-hexene(c) 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene(d) 3-isopropyl-1-hexeneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkene, 1-butene, 4-ethyl-2-hexene, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 3-isopropyl-1-hexene

18-03-083un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 57: naming alkynes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkynes shown?
Notes	(a) 2-butyne(b) 4-methyl-2-pentyne(c) 4,4-dimethyl-2-hexyne(d) 3-ethyl-3-methyl-1-pentyneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkyne, 2-butyne, 4-methyl-2-pentyne, 4,4-dimethyl-2-hexyne, 3-ethyl-3-methyl-1-pentyne

18-03-084un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 58: naming alkynes
Caption	What are the names of the four alkynes shown?
Notes	(a) 1-pentyne(b) 3-isopropyl-1-hexyne(c) 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne(d) 5-ethyl-1,3-heptyneThe Greek prefix di- is used when the branch alkyl groups are duplicated.
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alkyne, 1-pentyne, 3-isopropyl-1-hexyne, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, 5-ethyl-1,3-heptyne

18-03-085un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 71: Ways to represent benzene in structural formulas
Caption	Benzene has a flat structure: all 12 atoms lie in the same plane. Each of the six hydrogen atoms extend radially from the hexagonal carbon ring.
Notes	The hexagon with the circle inside recognizes the existence of two resonance structures in benzene.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula

18-03-086un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 72: Benzene: a hydrocarbon that has resonance sructures
Caption	How do the two resonance structures together represent the true structure of benzene?
Notes	Benzene has two resonance structures, as shown, but both structures exhibit alternating single and double bonds around the hexagonal carbon "ring". Real benzene has only one structure; measurement shows that all of the C-C bond lengths are equal, and are intermediate between that expected for a single and a double bond.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic

18-03-087un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 73: naming monosubstituted benzenes
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) fluorobenzene(b) isopropylbenzene(c) ethylbenzeneOne or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In these examples, one hydrogen has been replaced. The compound is named by using the group's prefix, followed by the name, "benzene".
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, fluorobenzene, isopropylbenzene, ethylbenzene

18-03-088un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 74: naming monosubstituted benzenes
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) iodobenzene(b) methylbenzene(c) t-butylbenzeneOne or more of the H's in benzene can be replaced by halogens, alkyl groups, or other entitites (such as -OH) to produce new compounds. In these examples, one hydrogen has been replaced. The compound is named by using the group's prefix, followed by the name, "benzene".
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, iodobenzene, methylbenzene, t-butylbenzene

18-03-089un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 75: naming compounds containing phenyl groups
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) 4-phenyloctane(b) 5-phenyl-3-heptene(c) 7-phenyl-2-hepteneIn these examples, the alkane is the molecule's "backbone", on which the benzene ring is attached. When benzene is a group, it is given the name "phenyl".
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 4-phenyloctane, 5-phenyl-3-heptene, 7-phenyl-2-heptene

18-03-090un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 76: naming compounds containing phenyl groups
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) 3-methyl-4-phenylhexane(b) 2-phenyl-3-octene(c) 4-ethyl-2-phenylheptaneIn these examples, the alkane is the molecule's "backbone", on which the benzene ring is attached. When benzene is a group, it is given the name "phenyl".
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 3-methyl-4-phenylhexane, 2-phenyl-3-octene, 4-ethyl-2-phenylheptane

18-03-091un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 77: naming disubstituted benzenes
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene(b) 1,2-dimethylbenzene(c) 1,3-difluorobenzeneWhen more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-difluorobenzene

18-03-092un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 78: naming disubstituted benzenes
Caption	What are the names of the three compounds shown?
Notes	(a) 1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene(b) 1-ethyl-4-fluorobenzene(c) 1,4-diiodobenzeneWhen more than one of benzene's hydrogens are substituted, isomers are possible. Therefore, the naming system counts around the hexagonal carbon ring from one of the substituents, to state the position of the other substituent. The lowest number goes to the substituent which is first in alphabetical order.
Keywords	organic, benzene, hydrocarbon, resonance, aromatic, structural formula, substitution, 1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene, 1-ethyl-4-fluorobenzene, 1,4-diiodobenzene

18-03-093un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 81: identifying functional groups
Caption	Match the functional group structure with the name.
Notes	From top to bottom, the names are aldehyde, ketone, ether, amine. Table 18.6 helps here.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, ether, aldehyde, ketone, amine

18-03-094un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 82: identifying functional groups
Caption	Match the functional group structure with the name.
Notes	From top to bottom, the names are ester, carboxylic acid, alcohol, ether. Table 18.6 helps here.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, ester, carboxylic acid, alcohol, ether

18-03-095un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 83: identifying functional groups
Caption	Identify the functional group and determine the family to which the molecule belongs.
Notes	(a) amine(b) aldehyde(c) alcohol(d) etherTable 18.6 helps here.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, amine

18-03-096un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 84: identifying functional groups
Caption	Identify the functional group and determine the family to which the molecule belongs.
Notes	(a) ketone(b) ester(c) alcohol(d) carboxylic acidTable 18.6 helps here.
Keywords	organic, family, functional group, alcohol, ketone, ester, carboxylic acid

18-03-097un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 85: naming alcohols
Caption	What are the names of the four alcohols shown?
Notes	(a) 2-butanol(b) 2-methyl-1-propanol(c) 3-ethyl-1-hexanol(d) 3-methyl-3-pentanol
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, alcohol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-ethyl-1-hexanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol

18-03-098un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 89: naming aldehydes and ketones
Caption	What are the names of the four compounds shown?
Notes	(a) butanal(b) 2-pentanone (c) 4-heptanone(d) heptanal
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, aldehyde, ketone, butanal, 2-pentanone, 4-heptanone, heptanal

18-03-099un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 91: naming carboxylic acids and esters
Caption	What are the names of the four compounds shown?
Notes	(a) butanoic acid(b) methyl ethanoate(c) n-propyl propanoate(d) heptanoic acid
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, carboxylic acid, ester, butanoic acid, methyl ethanoate, n-propyl propanoate, heptanoic acid

18-03-100un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 93: naming amines
Caption	What are the names of the four compounds shown?
Notes	(a) triethylamine(b) n-butyl-n-propylamine(c) isopropylamine
Keywords	carbon, organic, covalent, structural formula, molecular formula, amine, triethylamine, n-butyl-n-propylamine, isopropylamine

18-03-101un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 95: Polymers
Caption	What is the structure of the polymer formed from this monomer?
Notes	The double bonds on the monomer molecules open up, leaving a single bond between the two C's in the monomer, and a pair of electrons that can form a single bond with a C in a neighboring monomer. The molecule has the formula, (CH2C(CH3)2)n, where n is a huge number - often in the millions.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, alkene

18-03-102un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 96: Polymers
Caption	What is the structure of the polymer formed from this monomer?
Notes	The double bonds on the monomer molecules open up, leaving a single bond between the two C's in the monomer, and a pair of electrons that can form a single bond with a C in a neighboring monomer. The molecule has the formula, (CF2)n, where n is a huge number - often in the millions.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, alkene, teflon

18-03-103un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 97: Polymers
Caption	What is the structure of the polymer? Where is the ester functional group?
Notes	The dimer forms when terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol join together, with the elimination of a water molecule. The dimer that forms can then join with other dimers to make the polymer. The ester is found at the point where the water molecule was eliminated.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, copolymer, dimer, terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol

18-03-104un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 98: Polymers
Caption	What is the structure of the polymer?
Notes	The dimer forms when carbonic acid and bisphenol A join together, with the elimination of a water molecule. The dimer that forms can then join with other dimers to make the polymer.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, copolymer, dimer, carbonic acid, bisphenol A

18-03-105un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 99: Identify the type of compound
Caption	Identify the type of compound shown as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.
Notes	(a) alcohol(b) amine(c) alkane(d) carboxylic acid(e) ether(f) alkene
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine

18-03-106un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 100: Identify the type of compound
Caption	Identify the type of compound shown as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.
Notes	(a) aromatic(b) alkyne(c) ester(d) ketone(e) aldehyde(f) alcohol
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine

18-03-107un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 101: Cumulative problems
Caption	Name each compound.
Notes	(a) 3-methyl-4-t-butylheptane(b) 3-methylbutanal(c) 4-isopropyl-3-methyl-2-heptene(d) propyl butanoate
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, alkane, alkene, aldehyde, ester, 3-methyl-4-t-butylheptane, 3-methylbutanal, 4-isopropyl-3-methyl-2-heptene, propyl butanoate

18-03-108un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 102: Cumulative problems
Caption	Name each compound.
Notes	(a) 4-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-heptene(b) 1,4-difluorobenzene(c) 2-methylpropanol(d) 5-butyl-3-methylnonane
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, alkane, alkene, aromatic, alcohol, 4-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-heptene, 1,4-difluorobenzene, 2-methylpropanol, 5-butyl-3-methylnonane

18-03-109un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 103: Cumulative problems
Caption	For each pair, determine if the compounds are isomers.
Notes	(a) the same molecule(b) isomers(c) the same molecule
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, isomer

18-03-110un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 104: Cumulative problems
Caption	For each pair, determine if the compounds are isomers.
Notes	(a) isomers(b) the same molecule (c) the same molecule
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, isomer

18-03-111rr

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107a: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is an alcohol: it is a hydrocarbon with an -OH group attached.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, alcohol

18-03-112ss

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107b: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is an amine: it has a nitrogen atom, to which hydrocarbons are bonded.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, amine

18-03-113tt

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107c: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is a carboxylic acid: it has a -COOH group, to which a hydrocarbon is bonded.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, carboxylic acid

18-03-114uu

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107d: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is an ester: it follows the RCOOR pattern.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, ester

18-03-115vv

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107e: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is a an alkane: it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen, with no double or triple bonds.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, alkane

18-03-116ww

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 107f: Highlight problems
Caption	To what family does the compound belong?
Notes	The compound is a an ether: it follows the R-O-R pattern of ethers.
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, spacefilling model, family, functional group, ether

18-03-117un

Title	Chapter 18, Problem 108: Highlight problems
Caption	What functional groups are present in each compound?
Notes	(a) halogenated aromatic and ether(b) alkene and ether(c) halogenated aromatic(d) halogenated aromatic, halogenated alkane
Keywords	carbon, structural formula, functional group, halogen, aromatic, ether, alkane

18-03-118_T07

Title	Table of commercially important polymers
Caption	Some examples of common commercially important polymers. Table 18.7 in the text.
Notes	In each case, "n" is a large number, often in the millions. These polymers are of great interest for their properties: polymers have properties that facilitate their use in a variety of settings, as the table shows.
Keywords	polymer, monomer, copolymer, dimer, condensation

18-03-119un

Title	benzene ring
Caption	Benzene is an important hydrocarbon. It is used as a solvent and in synthesis.
Notes	Benzene has two resonance structures. In the other structure (not shown), the alternating double bonds are between the C's that are single-bonded in the drawing shown.
Keywords	benzene, hydrocarbon, hydrogen, carbon, aromatic, ring

Chapter 18Organic Chemistry

Chapter 18
Organic Chemistry