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Chapter 5
Atomic Structure: Atoms and Ions
05-00-06un

Labeled
Title
 Bumpersticker
Caption
 The bumpersticker says "I'm in an excited state!"
Keywords
 bumpersticker, Bohr, excited state, atom
05-00-10aun

Labeled
Title
 Bohr diagrams with Lewis symbols
Caption
 Bohr diagrams with Lewis symbols of a sodium atom, a positively charged sodium ion, a chlorine atom, and a negatively charged chlorine ion. In a Bohr diagram, the circle represents the atomic nucleus and the arcs represent the energy levels. The number of electrons in each level is also indicated. The electrons in the outer energy level are called valence electrons.
Keywords
 Lewis, electron-dot, Bohr digram, atom, ion, sodium, chlorine
05-00-10bun

Labeled
Title
 Bohr diagrams with Lewis symbols
Caption
 Bohr diagrams with Lewis symbols of a chlorine atom and a negatively charged chlorine ion. In a Bohr diagram, the circle represents the atomic nucleus and the arcs represent the energy levels. The number of electrons in each level is also indicated. The electrons in the outer energy level are called valence electrons.
Keywords
 Lewis, electron-dot, Bohr digram, atom, ion, chlorine
05-00-11un

Labeled
Title
 Electron configuration of hydrogen
Caption
 The diagram shows the electron configuration of hydrogen in the ground state.
Keywords
 electron configuration, hydrogen, ground state, energy level
05-03

Labeled
Title
 Crookes gas discharge tube
Caption
 (a) Diagram of a Crookes gas discharge tube. (b) Deflection of the beam in a magnetic field inside a Crookes discharge tube. The zinc sulfide coating on the metal strip in the tube glows when struck by electrons.
Keywords
 gas discharge tube, Crookes, cathode ray, magnetic field, electrode, charged particles
05-04

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of Thompson's apparatus
Caption
 Thomson's apparatus showing deflection of an electron beam in an electric field. The screen is coated with zinc sulfide, a substance that glows when struck by electrons.
Keywords
 Thompson's apparatus, electric field, electron beam, cathode, anode, charged particles
05-05

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of Goldstein's apparatus
Caption
 Goldstein's apparatus for study of positive particles uses a modified Crookes tube with holes in the cathode. These holes allow for the observation of electrons emitted by the cathode, as well as posive charges formed when cathode rays knock electrons form neutral gas atoms.
Keywords
 Golstein, positive charge, canal rays, cathode ray, Crookes tube, electron
05-06

Labeled
Title
 Thompson's atomic model
Caption
 Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom.
Keywords
 Thompson, atomic modle, plum pudding, electron, proton
05-07

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of Millikan's oil drop experiment
Caption
 Millikan's oil drop experiment determined the charge of the electron.
Keywords
 Millikan, oil drop, electron charge
05-09

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of radioactive rays
Caption
 Separation of radioactive rays in an electric field.
Keywords
 radioactive rays, electric field, magnetic field, alpha, beta, gamma
05-10

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of Rutherford's gold foil experiment
Caption
 Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
Keywords
 Rutherford, gold foil, experiment, alpha, scattered, nucleus
05-11

Labeled
Title
 Explanation for gold foil experiment results
Caption
 Model explaining the results of Rutherford's experiment. The diagram shows the atoms in the gold foil and the paths of the alpha particles when encountering the foil.
Keywords
 Rutherford, gold foil, alpha particle, nucleus
05-14

Labeled
Title
 Electromagnetic waves
Caption
 As the wavelength of a wave decreases, the frequency increases. Electromagnetic waves with a low frequency (a) have a long wavelength. Electromagnetic waves with a high frequency (b) have a short wavelength.
Keywords
 electromagnetic wave, wavelength, frequency
05-15

Labeled
Title
 The electromagnetic spectrum
Caption
 The electromagnetic spectrum. The diagram shows the frequency, energy, wavelength, energy source, and type of radiation for the various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Keywords
 electromagnetic, spectrum, wavelength, frequency, radiation, band
05-16

Labeled
Title
 Diagram of a line spectrum
Caption
 The diagram shows how the light from a flame in which a test sample is being heated can be passed through a prism to create a line spectrum.
Keywords
 line spectrum, characteristic property, prism
05-18

Labeled
Title
 Two electrons on a ladder
Caption
 The diagram illustrates an analogy between electron levels in an atom and the rungs of a ladder. Electrons can be only at specific energy levels, not between levels.
Keywords
 analogy, Bohr, energy level, hydrogen spectrum, ladder
05-19

Labeled
Title
 Energy absorption and emission
Caption
 The processes of absorption and emission of energy by electrons within an atom. (a) Diagram of match under atom illustrating the absorption of energy. b) Diagram of starburst to the side of atom illustrating the emission of energy.
Keywords
 absorption, emission, electron, excited state, ground state
05-20

Labeled
Title
 Energy level transitions
Caption
 The figure shows the possible electron shifts between energy levels in atoms that may produce the lines found in spectra. Not all the lines are in the visible portion of the spectrum. Electron transitions from higher levels to n=I produce ultraviolet light, transitions to n=2 give visible light, and transitions to n=3 give infrared radiation.
Keywords
 energy level, transitions, line spectrum
05-21

Labeled
Title
 Bohr model of atom
Caption
 Bohr visualized the atom as planetary electrons circling a nuclear sun. This figure shows an atom with three orbitting elctrons.
Keywords
 Bohr, atomic model, energy level, electron, planetary
05-22

Labeled
Title
 Bohr diagram of an atom
Caption
 A Bohr diagram for the atom of an element pictures specified numbers of electrons in distinct energy levels.
Keywords
 Bohr, atomic model, energy level, electron
05-23

Labeled
Title
 Bohr diagrams of first 20 elements
Caption
 The figure shows the Bohr diagrams of the first 20 elements along with the placement of the corresponding elements in the periodic table.
Keywords
 Bohr diagram, valence, electron, energy level
05-25

Labeled
Title
 s and p orbitals
Caption
 Charge cloud representations of s and p atomic orbitals. Each orbital is a mathematical function that corresponds to a region within an atom for a maximum of two electrons with opposite spin.
Keywords
 charge cloud, probability, Shrodinger, atomic orbital
05-26

Labeled
Title
 Evolution of atomic model
Caption
 From the time of Dalton to Schrodinger, our model of the atom has undergone many modifications.
Keywords
 atom, model, atomic, Dalton, Schrodinger
05-28

Labeled
Title
 Charge cloud representations of 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals
Caption
 The diagram illustrates the charge cloud representations of 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals.
Keywords
 charge cloud, s orbital, sublevel, electron probability
05-29ab

Labeled
Title
 Representations of p orbitals
Caption
 a) Charge cloud representation of a p orbital. b) Outline representation of three p orbitals with different spatial orientations.
Keywords
 charge cloud, outline representation, p orbital, sublevel, electron
05-30

Labeled
Title
 Representation of three p sublevel orbitals on the same axis
Caption
 Representation of a cluster of three p orbitals on the same axes to give a p sublevel that can accommodate a maximum of three pairs of electrons.
Keywords
 outline, representation, p orbital, sublevel, electron
05-31

Labeled
Title
 Atomic orbitals
Caption
 The chart shows the orbital shapes, the number of orbitals per sublevel, and the number of lobes per orbital for the s, p, d, and f sublevels.
Keywords
 atomic orbitals, orbital shape, sublevel, lobes
05-32

Labeled
Title
 Electron arrangement of elements
Caption
 Electron arrangements of elements are closely related to position in the periodic table.
Keywords
 electron arrangement, periodic table, s, p, d, f, block
05-33

Labeled
Title
 Electron sublevel filling order
Caption
 The order of filling electron sublevels is related to the periodic table. Start at the top of the periodic table and follow the arrows as you move across and down the table through subsequent periods from period 1 through period 7.
Keywords
 periodic table, filling order, electron, sublevel
05-34

Labeled
Title
 Regular filling order of electron sublevels
Caption
 The regular order of filling electrons in sublevels of atoms is shown in this diagram.
Keywords
 periodic table, filling order, electron, sublevel
05-35

Labeled
Title
 Electron configurations and the periodic table
Caption
 The diagram shows the patterns followed by elements in the columns of the periodic table.
Keywords
 electron configuration, periodic table, transition metal, element
05-35-01UN

Labeled
Title
 Circle for orbital diagram
Caption
 Circles are used to represent orbitals in an orbital diagram.
Keywords
 orbital, diagram, s, p
05-35-02UN

Labeled
Title
 Electron pair representation
Caption
 Orbital diagram for an electron pair.
Keywords
 orbital, diagram, electron pair
05-35-03UN

Labeled
Title
 Single electron representation
Caption
 Orbital diagram for a single electron.
Keywords
 orbital, diagram, single electron
05-35-04UN

Labeled
Title
 Alternate electron pair representation
Caption
 Alternate orbital diagram for an electron pair.
Keywords
 orbital, diagram, electron pair
05-36

Labeled
Title
 Electron energy level diagrams
Caption
 Electron energy level diagrams. Electrons fill lower energy orbitals first, in the order specified. Notice that higher sublevels are closer together in energy than are lower sublevels.
Keywords
 electron energy diagram, orbital, filling order, electron
05-36-01UN

Labeled
Title
 Alternate single electron representation
Caption
 Alternate orbital diagram for a single electron.
Keywords
 orbital, diagram, single electron

Labeled
Title
 Electron Affinity
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Electron Configurations
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Hybridization
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Ionization Energy
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Optical Activity
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Photoelectric Effect
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Radial Electron Distribution
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Representing Substances
Caption
Keywords
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