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Chapter 4
Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table
04-00-02una

Labeled
Title
 Stacks of dimes and nickels
Caption
 Analogy: Counting coins or atoms by weighing out specific masses.
Keywords
 analagy, atomic mass, mole, Avagadro's number
04-00-02unb

Labeled
Title
 Water molecule
Caption
 A molecule of water, H2O, consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
Keywords
 molecule, water, H2O
04-01

Labeled
Title
 Symbols
Caption
 The use of symbols is not unique to chemistry. Symbols can be quite helpful-when you know what they mean. The figure shows alchemist' symbols and modern symbols for some chemical elements. It also illustrates the use of symbols for arithmetic, money, and music.
Keywords
 symbol, alchemist
04-03

Labeled
Title
 Abundance of elements by atoms
Caption
 Abundances of elements in the universe as in percercent of total atoms.
Keywords
 atomic abundance, hydrogen, helium, universe, pie chart
04-04

Labeled
Title
 Abundance of elements by mass
Caption
 Abundances of elements in the Earth's crust, water, and atmosphere in percent by mass.
Keywords
 earth, crust, element, abundance, pie chart
04-05

Labeled
Title
 Elements of the body by mass
Caption
 Elements of the human body in percent by mass.
Keywords
 abundance, human body, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, pie chart
04-06

Labeled
Title
 Periodic table of elements
Caption
 Elements are classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, as shown on this periodic table.
Keywords
 periodic table, elements, metal, nonmetal, metalloid
04-08

Labeled
Title
 Nitrogen gas
Caption
 Nitrogen gas consists of diatomic molecules, that is, molecules containing two atoms.
Keywords
 nitrogen, diatomic, chemical bond
04-09

Labeled
Title
 Diatomic molecules
Caption
 The diatomic molecules: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.
Keywords
 diatomic, halogen, molecule
04-10

Labeled
Title
 Silicon and sand
Caption
 (a) The element silicon is used extensively in computer chips. (b) Common sand (shown magnified) is composed of silicon dioxide, a compound of silicon and oxygen.
Keywords
 metalloid, semiconductor, silicon, sand, silicon dioxide, computer chip
04-15

Labeled
Title
 The law of definite proportions
Caption
 Verification of the law of definite proportions.
Keywords
 Berzelius, law, definite proportions, lead sulfide
04-16

Labeled
Title
 Electrolysis of water
Caption
 Electolysis of water. During electrolysis, water decomposes to give hydrogen gas and oxygen gas in a 2-to-1 volume ratio when energy is supplied by a battery or other source of direct current (dc).
Keywords
 electrolysis, water, decomposition
04-18

Labeled
Title
 Definite proportions
Caption
 The law of definite proportions. Berzelius' experiment with lead and sulphur are interpreted in terms of Dalton's atomic theory.
Keywords
 Dalton, Berzelius, definite proportions, lead sulfide
04-19

Labeled
Title
 Multiple proportions
Caption
 The law of multiple proportions. With two atoms of nitrogen, the atom ratios of oxygen for the three compounds are 1:2:4. Also, with 28.0 g of nitrogen, the mass ratios of oxygen for the three compounds are 1:2:4. thus both the mass ratios (last column) and the atom ratios (first column) are in the same simple proportions for each compound.
Keywords
 definite proportions, multiple proportions, nitrogen, compound
04-20

Labeled
Title
 Electrical charges
Caption
 Attraction and repulsion of electrical charges. Particles with unlike charges attract one another (a). Those with like charges repel one another (b).
Keywords
 electrical charge, attract, repel
04-20-01UN

Labeled
Title
 Bumpersticker
Caption
 The Bumpersticker says "Opposites attract, What's YOUR charge?"
Keywords
 bumpersticker, chemistry, charge, attract
04-23

Labeled
Title
 Atom
Caption
 Protons and neutrons are packed into the tiny nucleus which has a diameter that is about one hundred-thousandth of the diameter of an atom.
Keywords
 atom, nucleus, proton, neutron
04-24

Labeled
Title
 Hydrogen isotopes
Caption
 The isotopes of hydrogen; protium, deuterium, and tritium.
Keywords
 hydrogen, isotope, protium, deuterium, tritium
04-25

Labeled
Title
 Atomic masses
Caption
 Atomic masses of elements are averages of isotopic masses. The figure illustrates examples of the average mass of samples of bromine and a chlorine.
Keywords
 atomic mass, isotopic mass, bromine, chlorine

Labeled
Title
 Electrolysis of Water
Caption
Keywords

Labeled
Title
 Multiple Proportions
Caption
Keywords
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