Media Portfolio

Chapter 21
The Generation of Biochemical Energy

21-01

Title	Energy flow through the biosphere illustrated
Caption	The flow of energy through the biosphere. Energy from the sun is ultimately stored in chemical bonds, used for work, used to maintain body temperature, or lost as heat.
Notes
Keywords	energy, biosphere

21-02

Title	graphs showing favorable and unfavorable reactions.
Caption	Energy diagrams for favorable and unfavorable reactions. (a) In the favorable reaction, the products have less energy than the reactants. (b) In the unfavorable reaction, the products have more energy than the reactants.
Notes
Keywords	free energy, endergonic, exergonic, favorable, unfavorable

21-02-03UN

Title	chemical description of photosynthesis and oxidation processes
Caption	Photosynthesis and the oxidation of glucose are chemically opposite processes. Photosynthesis builds glucose from carbon dioxide and water, and is an endergonic process. Oxidation of glucose (an important part of our metabolism) produces carbon dioxide and water, and is exergonic.
Notes
Keywords	endergonic, exergonic, photosynthesis, oxidation

21-03

Title	illustration of a eukaryotic cell
Caption	A generalized eukaryotic cell.
Notes	Eukaryotic cells contain well-defined interal structures called organelles.
Keywords	eukaryotic, cell, organelle, cytosol, mitochondrion, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, cilia, microvilli, Golgi apparatus, smoothe endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm

21-04

Title	illustration of the mitochondrion.
Caption	The mitochondrion.
Notes	Cells hgave many mitochondria. The citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix. Electron transport and ATP production, the final stage in biochemical energy generation, takes place at the inner surface of the inner membrane. The numerous folds in the inner membrane--known as cristae--increase the surface area over which these pathways can take place.
Keywords	mitochondrion, mitochondria, cristae, citric acid cycle, electron transport, ATP production

21-04-01UN

Title	linear, cyclic and spiraling metabolic pathways
Caption	Metabolic pathways can be linear, cyclic, or spiraling.
Notes
Keywords	metabolic pathway, linear pathway, cyclic pathway, spiraling pathway

21-04-02UN

Title	Catabolic and anabolic processes
Caption	Metabolic reaction pathways can either be catabolic or anabolic. Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy. Anabolic pathways build larger molecules from smaller pieces and require energy.
Notes
Keywords	metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolism, anabolism, catabolic, anabolic

21-05

Title	the stages of digestion and production of biochemical energy.
Caption	Pathways for the digestion of food and the production of biochemical energy.
Notes	This diagram summarizeds pathways covered in this chapter, and also the pathways for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein catabolism.
Keywords

21-05-02UN

Title	A space-filling model of acetyl-S-CoA
Caption	Acetyl-S-coenzyme A , also known as Acetyl-S-CoA, is the common intermediate that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle.
Notes
Keywords	acetyl-S-coenzyme A, acetyl-S-CoA, acetyl group

21-05-04UN

Title	ATP as the biochemical energy transporter
Caption	ATP is the currency of biochemical energy. Energy from energy-yielding reactions is used to make ATP from ADP. Hydrolysis of ATP can then be used to drive nonspontaneous reactions.
Notes
Keywords	ATP, adenosine triphosphate, ADP, adenosine diphosphate

21-05-05UN

Title	table of free energies of hydrolysis of some phosphates
Caption	Free energies of hydrolysis of some phsphates.
Notes
Keywords	free energy change, exergonic, phosphoenol pyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate, ATP, glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate

21-07

Title	energy exchange in coupled reactions: a diagram
Caption	Energy exchange in coupled reactions. The energy provided by an exergonic reaction is either released as heat or stored as chemical potential energy in the bonds of products of the coupled endergonic reaction.
Notes
Keywords	exergonic, endergonic, coupled reaction, favorable, unfavorable

21-07-04UN

Title	oxidation and reduction of coenzymes
Caption	A few coenzymes are continuously cycled between oxidized and reduced forms. Important coenzymes that serve this role are shown in the table.
Notes
Keywords	NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, FMNH2, reduction, oxidation, coenzyme

21-07-05UN

Title	oxidation and reduction of carbon
Caption	Oxidation of carbon by increased bonding to oxygen.
Notes	A reaction where carbon in the product is higher on the table than reactant is a reaction where that carbon is reduced. A reaction where carbon in the product is lower on the table than reactant is a reaction where that carbon is oxidized.
Keywords	oxidation, reduction, carbon

21-08

Title	outcomes of the citric acid cycle
Caption	Significant outcomes of the citric acid cycle.
Notes	The eight steps of the cycle produce two molecules of carbon dioxide, four molecules of reduced coenzymes, and one energy-rich phosphate (GTP). The final step regenerates the reactant for step 1 of the next turn of the cycle.
Keywords	GTP, citric acid cycle, citrate cycle, Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, reduced coenzyme

21-09

Title	The citric acid cycle.
Caption	The citric acid cycle.
Notes	The net effect of this eight-step cycle of reactions ins the metabolic breakdown of acetyl gropus (from acetyl-SCoA) into two molecules of carbon dioxide and energy carried by reduced coenzymes. Energy-rich reactants or products (ATP, reduced coenzymes) are shown in red and their lower-energy counterparts (ADP, oxidized coenzymes) are shown in blue.
Keywords	citric acid cycle, citrate cycle, Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, reduced coenzyme, citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, succinyl CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase

21-09-01UN

Title	an overview of pathways for digestion of food with citric acid cycle hilighted
Caption	How the citric acid cycle fits into the larger scheme of energy production from food.
Notes
Keywords	metabolism, catabolism, citric acid cycle, citrate cycle, Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle

21-09-03UN

Title	an overview of pathways for digestion of food with electron transport chain and ATP production hilighted
Caption	How the electron transport chain and ATP production fits into the larger scheme of energy production from food.
Notes
Keywords	metabolism, catabolism, electron transport chain, ATP production

21-10

Title	illustration of electron transport and ATP production in the membrane
Caption	The mitochondrial electron-transport chain and ATP synthase.
Notes	The red line shows the path of electrons, and the green lines show the paths of hydrogen ions. The movement of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a higher concentration on the intermembrane side of the inner membrane than on the matrix side. The energy released by hydrogen ions returning through the membrane (through ATP synthase) provides the energy necessary to make ATP.
Keywords	electron transport chain, oxidation, reduction, mitochondrion, ATP synthase, ATP synthesis

21-10-01UN

Title	ATP synthase
Caption	The rotation of a segment of ATP synthase.
Notes	The actin filament shown was bonded to the enzyme segment to allow visualization of the rotation.
Keywords	ATP synthase, actin, molecular motor

21-10-02UN

Title	binding-change mechanism of ATP synthase
Caption	The binding-change mechanism of ATP synthase.
Notes	AS the enzyme segment rotates, ATP is released and ADP and inorganic phosphate bind.
Keywords	ATP synthase, molecular motor

21-12

Title	Path of electrons in electron transport.
Caption	The energetically-downhill path of electrons in electron transport.
Notes	Each enzyme complex in electron transport contains several electron carriers. The passage of electrons from one to another is an energetically downhill process.
Keywords	electron transport, oxidation, reduction, enzyme complex, cytochrome, coenzyme Q, FAD, FMN

21-12-01UN

Title	sources of reactive oxygen species that can cause cell injury
Caption	Normal metabolism as well as unusual stresses can produce reactive oxygen species capable of injuring cells.
Notes
Keywords	reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl free radical, oxidative damage, aging

21-12-02UN

Title	reactions showing protection by superoxide dismutase and catalase
Caption	Superoxide dismutase and catalase work to protect us from oxidative damage by superoxide ions and hydrogen peroxide.
Notes
Keywords	oxidative damage, aging, superoxide, superoxide dismutase, catalase, hydrogen peroxide

21-12-05UN

Title	photosynthesis diagram
Caption	Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun and stores it as chemical potential energy in the form of glucose.
Notes
Keywords	photosynthesis, light-dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, coupled reaction, chloroplast, chlorophyll

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