This chapter returns to the European tradition of art, and includes the Americas. Important changes, some of which are still under way, mark the time period of this chapter. The Enlightenment, skepticism, revolutions in America and France, the beginnings of modern science and industrialization were changing the way people looked at the world.

Goals for this chapter include:

• Grasp the essential intellectual thrusts of the Enlightenment.

• Become familiar with the basic ideas underlying Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

• See how Neoclassicism and Romanticism differ.

• See what elements Neoclassicism and Romanticism share.