1 .		Case Studies: FDR’s Coalition Party A strong individual is often able to turn a political party into an interest aggregator. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s coalition of Democrats is a classic example. Read the full text on page 196. The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy by William E. Leuchtenburg provides information about the former president’s coalition-building. ESSAY QUESTION: What is interest aggregation and how do parties do it?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
2 .		How To . . . Cross-Tabulation A cross-tabulation is a table that shows two variables, arrayed so the reader can see a relationship between the two. A cross-tab is not your whole paper; it is just a starting point and may raise questions. Read the full text on page 197. This website explains and provides examples of Cross-tabulation tables. ESSAY QUESTION: What is a cross-tabulation and how is it used?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
3 .		Key Concepts: Parties that Ignore Voters According to neo-institutional theory, an old, established party with strong traditions and leadership patterns may be so focused on struggles inside the party that it neglects public opinion outside the party. Party members focus so narrowly on the internal fights and debates that they forget their original purpose: to win elections. Read the full text on page 199. Read more about the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC) at this website. The website of Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party is available at this address. ESSAY QUESTION: How can a party seemingly commit electoral suicide?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
4 .		Classic Works: Duverger’s Three Types of Parties French political scientist Maurice Duverger developed three descriptive categories for classifying political parties: mass, cadre and devotee. There is also another type called the personalistic party. Read the full text on page 201. Read more about French political scientist Maurice Duverger at this website. ESSAY QUESTION: What are Duverger’s three types of parties?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
5 .		Classic Works: Kirchheimer’s "Catchall" Party After World War II in most of Western Europe, ideologically loose parties that welcomed all voters either absorbed or drove out parties that attempted to sell a particular ideology. German political scientist Otto Kirchheimer coined the term catchall to describe this new type of party. Read the full text on page 202. A brief biographical sketch of German political scientist Otto Kirchheimer is available at this website. ESSAY QUESTION: What is a "catchall" party?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
6 .		Key Concepts: What is a "Relevant" Party? Columbia University political scientist Giovanni Sartori believes that a relevant party is one that the main parties have to take into account either in campaigning for votes or in forming coalitions. If a party is so small and weak that no major party needs to worry about trying to win over its adherents, or if it is unnecessary in forming a coalition, it is irrelevant. Read the full text on page 206. The Committee for a Unified Independent Party is a coalition of third party advocates that offers a guide to the challenges third parties face in getting recognition in electoral politics. ESSAY QUESTION: What is a relevant party?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
7 .		Case Studies: Multiparty Systems are More Fun In a multiparty system, voters get to choose from a bigger menu. The interesting choices on European ballots may help to explain Europe’s higher voter turnout. Read the full text on page 207. Thirdpartywatch is a website dedicated to "progressive third party news and information" and contains links to information about various third parties in the United States. ESSAY QUESTION: Why are multiparty systems more fun?   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
8 .		Classic Works: Sartori’s Types of Party Competition Columbia University political scientist Giovanni Sartori is not satisfied with simply counting the number of parties to classify party systems. To him, the degree and manner in which parties compete is also important. He distinguishes between multiparty systems that are stable and unstable. Read the full text on page 208. Further information about political party stability and instability may be found on this Janda, Political Science website. ESSAY QUESTION: Describe Sartori’s types of party competition.   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.