In 1309 Clement moved the papal court to , an imperial city on the southeastern border of France.
Clement VI began the practice of selling , or pardons for unrepented sins.
John was an Oxford theologian and philosopher who became a major intellectual spokesman for the rights of royalty against the secular pretensions of the popes.
Pope Gregory XI reestablished the papacy in Rome in January 1377, ending what had come to be known as the " Captivity" of the church in Avignon.