These study tips are designed to clarify key points and help you to avoid errors that students commonly make. Review the Tips for Success as you study each chapter and review them again after you have studied each chapter.

1. This chapter assumes you understand hypothesis testing and the t test, particularly the material on the distribution of means. Be sure you understand the relevant material in Chapters 4, 5, 7, and 8, before starting this chapter.
2. You may want to reread the paragraph that starts on page 326 and continues on page 328 to ensure that you fully understand the logic of hypothesis testing.
3. Table 9-2, page 329 provides a useful summary of the logic of the analysis of variance. Test your understanding by trying to explain Table 9-2 without looking at the book. You might try writing your answer down and swapping it with someone else in your class.
4. The “How Are You Doing” questions and answers on page 330 provide a useful summary of the logic of the analysis of variance. Be sure to review them (and the relevant sections in the text) as many times as necessary to fully understand this logic.
5. A very common mistake when calculating the F ratio is to turn the formula upside down. Just remember it is as simple as Black and White, so Between divided by Within, hence .
6. Check your understanding of the structural model method for analysis of variance by covering up portions of Table 9-15 on page 365 and trying to recall the hidden material.