These study tips are designed to clarify key points and help you to avoid errors that students commonly make. Review the Tips for Success as you study each chapter and review them again after you have studied each chapter.

1. This chapter focuses closely on the assumptions associated with the standard hypothesis-testing procedures. Be sure to review the discussions of these assumptions in earlier chapters (see pp. 322-323, 356-359, 398-399, 428).
2. Remember that when converting scores to ranks, all of the scores are ranked from lowest to highest, regardless of what group a score was in (for example, experimental versus control).

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