These study tips are designed to clarify key points and help you to avoid errors that students commonly make. Review the Tips for Success as you study each chapter and review them again after you have studied each chapter.

1. The key to understanding analysis of variance is understanding the two population variance estimates that are compared to create the F ratio.
• Read pages 378-383 as many times as necessary until you fully understand the between-groups and within-groups estimates of the population variance. Test yourself by trying to explain Table 11-2 (p. 382) without looking at the book.
2. A very common mistake when calculating the F ratio is to turn the formula upside down. Just remember it is as simple as Black and White, so Between divided by Within, hence .

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