Chapter 19: Human Evolution

1.	The cladogram illustrates the evolutionary relationships among humans and other primates. Correctly match each group of primates with the letter indicating its position on the cladogram. [Hint] Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right. A. taxon A B. taxon B C. taxa D D. taxon C Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D Gibbons (Hylobates)  [Hint] Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)  [Hint] Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D Gorillas (Gorilla)  [Hint] Choice A Choice B Choice C Choice D Chimpanzees (Pan)  [Hint]
2.	Which of the following best describe(s) the molecular evidence used to assess the relationships among humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees? [Hint]
3.	Based on what we know about chimpanzees and bonobos, list four characteristics that are reasonable to suppose characterized the last common ancestor of humans, chimps, and bonobos. Be sure that among those characteristics you address some aspect of locomotion, food habits, and behavior. [Hint] To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
4.	Correctly match the description of each group of hominids with its illustration. [Hint] Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right. A. skull A B. skull B C. skull C Choice A Choice B Choice C gracile australopithecine  [Hint] Choice A Choice B Choice C Paranthropus (formerly the robust australopithecines)  [Hint] Choice A Choice B Choice C early Homo  [Hint]
5.	The ancestors of our species within the genus Homo lived in Africa _____ years ago. Homo erectus/ergaster reached Asia and Europe by _____ years ago and anatomically modern H. sapiens first appear in the fossil record _____ years ago. [Hint]
6.	Briefly explain why the “candelabra model” for the transition from H. ergaster/erectus to H. sapiens has been “widely and thoroughly rejected by scientists in all fields.” [Hint] To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
7.	Which of the following is/are predictions of the African replacement hypothesis for the transition to H. sapiens? [Hint]
8.	The balance of paleontological and genetic evidence accumulated to date supports the model for the origin of H. sapiens. [Hint]
9.	Which of the following support(s) the hypothesis that early Homo was responsible for the most, if not all, Oldowan tools (the first complex stone tools associated with hominids)? [Hint]
10.	Deaf children, isolated from native signers, invent their own signed languages. After two generations of transmission, the languages have standardized vocabulary and grammar; the grammatical structure is similar to the “universal grammar” identified in spoken languages; and fluent users can communicate the full range of human emotions and experiences. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the capacity for language and a fundamental grammar are and universal in modern humans.
11.	Describe two lines of evidence suggesting that language may be a relatively ancient trait, present in at least rudimentary form before the evolution of H. sapiens. [Hint] To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
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