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| 1. |
Which of the following is implicit in the idea of species as evolutionarily independent units?
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| 2. |
Compare and contrast the biological, phylogenetic, and morphospecies concepts by correctly matching each to the criterion it uses to distinguish species.
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Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.
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| A. reproductive isolation is the test of evolutionary independence |
| B. anatomical differences imply reproductive isolation |
| C. species are the smallest monophyletic groups in a phylogeny of related taxa |
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| 3. |
Compare and contrast the biological, phylogenetic, and morphospecies concepts by correctly matching each to one of its weaknesses.
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Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.
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| A. well-supported phylogenies are available for only a handful of groups |
| B. can't be tested in fossil forms and is irrelevant to asexually reproducing forms |
| C. species may differ in characteristics such as soft tissue anatomy and behavior |
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| 4. |
The classical model of speciation specifies three stages. Which of the following correctly orders those stages, beginning with the first and ending with the last?
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| 5. |
Under Mayr's allopatric speciation model, physical barriers to gene flow arise via
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| 6. |
The diagram below represents the ranges of 3 species (A, B, and C), which are separated by a mountain range and river. Jane B. Geographer has hypothesized that these three species arose via vicariance. Specifically, she has proposed that the area was originally occupied by a single species. Its range was split first by the mountain range. Later, the river formed, separating populations on the eastern side of the mountains. If her hypothesis is correct, phylogenetic analysis should reveal that
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| 7. |
The diagram below represents the ranges of 3 species (A, B, and C), which are separated by a mountain range and river. Joe B. Geographer (Jane's brother) has hypothesized that these species descended from a common ancestor via dispersal. Specifically, he has proposed that the original species was confined to the western side of the mountains. One dispersal event brought individuals around the northern end of the mountains; the river prevented them from dispersing farther south. At the same time, a separate dispersal event brought individuals around the southern end of the mountains; dispersal of these individuals was also stopped by the river. If Joe's hypothesis is correct, phylogenetic analysis should reveal that
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| 8. |
As you learned in Chapter 4, polyploidy can result in reproductive isolation in a single generation. Phylogenetic studies of polyploidy have shown that this mode of speciation has been
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
Briefly explain what the "natural experiments" in which humans have introduced small populations of exotic species into new locations tell us about the role of genetic drift in the genetic divergence of isolated populations.
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To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
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| 11. |
According to the textbook authors, the hypothesis that Rhagoletis pomonella populations parasitizing apple trees and those parasitizing hawthorns are not differentiated is more likely than its alternative. Briefly explain the two reasons they give for this.
[Hint]
To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
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| 12. |
Evidence that natural selection has promoted genetic divergence between apple maggot flies parasitizing apples ("apple flies") and those parasitizing hawthorns ("hawthorn flies") includes
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| 13. |
Model systems currently being studied to assess the role of sexual selection in speciation share what important feature?
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| 14. |
Dobzhansky's reinforcement hypothesis proposed that
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| 15. |
When populations hybridize after diverging in allopatry and the hybrids have lower fitness than the parental forms, the hybrid zone will be relatively _____ and the eventual outcome will be _____.
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| 16. |
When populations hybridize after diverging in allopatry and the hybrids have higher fitness than do the parental forms, two outcomes are possible. What are the two outcomes, and what seems to be the deciding factor between them?
[Hint]
To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
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