1.
The data reviewed in section 47.1 of your textbook suggest that the development of teen-onset alcoholism in boys does not depend on whether alcohol abuse occurs at home. Yet less than 17 percent of the boys in the study who were genetically predisposed to teen-onset alcoholism actually developed the illness. What other factors might be involved in the development of this behavior? How would you test your hypotheses?
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2.
In many species of songbirds native to the tropics, both females and males sing (often in duets). How would you expect the song centers in the brains of these female birds to change as the breeding season approaches? What molecule would you predict is responsible for causing these changes? Design experiments that can test your predictions.
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3.
Most tropical habitats are highly seasonal. But instead of alternating warm and cold seasons, there are alternating wet and dry seasons. Most animal species breed during the wet months. If you were studying a species of Anolis native to the tropics, what environmental cue would you simulate in the lab to bring them into breeding condition? How would you simulate this cue? Further, think about the sensory organs that lizards use to receive this cue. Are they the same or different than the receptors that Anolis carolinensis uses to recognize that spring has arrived in the southeastern United States?
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4.
Biologists use the terms found on page 931 to describe the four types of interactions that are possible between two individuals.
This chapter discussed only altruism and selfishness, but cooperation and spite are also interesting. Can these types of behavior evolve? If so, would you expect them to be more or less common than selfishness and altruism? Why or why not?
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5.
A friend of yours argues that the unison call of cranes is genetically determined because it is stereotyped and completely uninfluenced by learning. Another friend argues it is a condition-dependent behavior, because only mated pairs do it and because the tendency to give unison calls varies among pairs (some pairs are more aggressive than others, and give unison calls more frequently in territorial contexts). Who's right?
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