1.
Predict how the nutritional requirements of female mammals change during pregnancy and breastfeeding. How would you test your predictions? Design a study that uses humans as a study subject and one that uses laboratory mice.
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2.
Predict the physical symptoms that would result from defects in each of the following molecules: pancreatic amylase, pepsin, Na+ - glucose cotransporter, fatty-acid binding protein, aquaporin.
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3.
Give an example of a correlation between the structure of an animal mouthpart and its function in obtaining or processing food. Design a study to test the hypothesis that the structure is an adaptation that increases feeding efficiency.
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4.
According to Figure 40.9 (page 776 in your textbook), enterokinase catalyzes the production of trypsin from trypsinogen, and trypsin then catalyzes the activation of other digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas. The text did not provide evidence to back up these claims, however. Design an in-vitro study to test whether pancreatic enzymes other than trypsinogen are activated by enterokinase.
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5.
Scientists who backed the hypothesis that secretion from the pancreas is under nervous control strenuously objected to the experiment that led to the discovery of hormonal control. They claimed that the experiment was inconclusive because it was very likely that not all of the nerves innervating the small intestine had been cut. The biologists who did the experiment replied that even if it were true that not all nerves had been cut, their result was still valid. In your opinion, who is correct? Why?
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6.
Among vertebrates, the large intestine occurs only in lineages that are primarily terrestrial (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Propose a hypothesis to explain this observation.
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7.
Insulin is thought to be an adaptation that allows animals to eat large meals intermittently, rather than having to eat small meals constantly. Why might it be advantageous for an animal to feed less often? Why would insulin action make intermittent feeding possible?
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