Chapter 39: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

1.	The major challenges to water and ion balance for most marine vertebrates are [Hint]
2.	Marine elasmobranchs, like the shark, avoid water loss to the environment by [Hint]
3.	Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of Na+K+ATPase in the shark rectal gland? [Hint]
4.	The steps listed below are important for Na+ and Cl- secretion by the shark rectal gland as well as by the salt gland of certain birds and reptiles and the chloride cells of marine fish. Which represents the correct sequence of steps for salt secretion? Steps: A. Cl- moves down its concentration gradient through apical Cl- channels. B. Na+K+ATPase pumps Na+ out of lumen cells. C. Na+ diffuses out between lumen cells. D. Cl- and K+ enter lumen cells via Na+ cotransport mechanism. [Hint]
5.	The major site for osmoregulation in teleosts (bony fishes) is [Hint]
6.	An animal that lives in a dry environment needs to minimize water loss and will therefore most likely secrete nitrogenous waste in the form of [Hint]
7.	Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the primary role of the Malpighian tubule system of insects in formation of a pre-urine? [Hint]
8.	Which of the following statements concerning the composition of the filtrate formed by the renal corpuscle is correct? [Hint]
9.	Which of the following represents the primary driving force for the filtration of blood within the renal corpuscle? [Hint]
10.	Which statement most accurately describes the primary role of the loop of Henle in urine formation? [Hint]
11.	The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine is primarily determined by [Hint]
12.	Which of the following would result in the production of a hypotonic urine? [Hint]
13.	From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following adaptations makes the most sense? [Hint]
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