1.
Suppose you are walking along a garden path with a friend and notice a plant leaf with several small, white, dead-looking blotches. Nearby, an individual from the same species has leaves that are completely yellow and wilted. Explain to your friend what you think is going on. How could you test your hypothesis?
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2.
Suppose that you were studying two closely related species of plants and were able to document that one has much higher concentrations of tannins than the other. Which species would you expect to grow more slowly and produce fewer seeds each year? Why?
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3.
Researchers have recently begun studying a secondary metabolite called myrosinase in the plant Brassica rapa. (Brassica rapa is an important source for vegetable oils used in cooking.) Myrosinase is an effective deterrent for herbivorous beetles. In one study, biologists mated individuals with high concentrations of myrosinase with one another for several generations and individuals with low concentrations of myrosinase with one another for several generations. In this way, they created populations with high versus low concentrations of myrosinase. Then they documented how much each population was visited by pollinators. Predict which population was more successful in attracting long visits from pollinators. To see if you are correct, check the paper published by Sharon Strauss and co-workers in the journal called Evolution, volume 53, pages 1105-1113. In what way does this experiment show a novel cost of defense?
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4.
Researchers have been able to document that plants undergoing insect attack release jasmonic acid as a volatile. Other plants that are growing nearby synthesize increased amounts of proteinase inhibitors in response. Do these observations surprise you? Why or why not?
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5.
Review the text section that analyzes the experiments on phytoalexins produced by chickpeas. Note the close correspondence between the amount and type of phytoalexins produced by different chickpea strains in response to different strains of fungi. Suggest a hypothesis that explains this observation in terms of differences among the R alleles of chickpea and the avr To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
6.
The experimental approach diagrammed in Figure 37.8 (page 716 in your textbook) is widely used and is called the yeast two-hybrid system. Note that a hybrid is produced when two unlike things combine. Explain why the name is appropriate and why the strategy is an effective way to study protein-protein interactions in cells.
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