1.
Cyanide (C - ) blocks complex IV of the electron transport chain. Suggest a hypothesis for what happens to the electron transport chain when complex IV stops working. Your hypothesis should explain why cyanide poisoning is fatal.
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2.
When membranes are folded, as in the cristae of mitochondria, the total surface area increases dramatically. Suppose that some mitochondria had unfolded cristae. How would their output of ATP compare to mitochondria with folded cristae? Explain your answer.
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3.
When yeast cells are placed into low-oxygen environments, the mitochondria in the cells become reduced in size and number. Suggest an explanation for this observation.
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4.
Most agricultural societies have come up with ways to ferment the sugars in barley, wheat, rice, corn, or grapes and produce alcoholic beverages. Historians argue that this was an effective way for farmers to preserve the chemical energy in grains and fruits in a form that would not be eaten by rats or spoiled by bacteria or fungi. Why does a great deal of chemical energy remain in the products of fermentation pathways?
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5.
To diagnose a bird’s nutritional state, biologists feel the breast muscle. If the muscle mass is reduced enough that the sternum (breastbone) sticks out, biologists conclude the individual is near starvation. The logic here is that the individual is using muscle proteins as an energy source because all of its fat and carbohydrate stores have been used up. Why would proteins be the last source of stored chemical energy to be used by an organism?
To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.
