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19-01

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 Trends in population size and genetic diversity as a population passes through a genetic bottleneck. The loss of genetic diversity is a result of a fall in numbers of individuals and is exacerbated by inbreeding and genetic drift if the population remains small for more than a few generations. The shaded area represents the range of genetic diversity that might result if survivors are unrelated (upper boundary), or are closely related (lower boundary), to each other. Diversity slowly increases after its lowest point because of evolution.
19-02

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 Resource requirements of individuals within a food chain. Resource needs per animal at each trophic level can be calculated by inverting the Eltonian pyramid of numbers (Chapter 13).
19-03

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 The influence of reserve size on populations. The populations of small and large herbivores and large carnivores in reserves of various sizes around the world. (C. Schonewald-Cox, 1983.)
19-04

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 Mammal extinctions in North American reserves. The number of naturally occurring mammal extinctions in reserves that occurred within the first 43–94 years after the reserve was established. Larger reserves suffered fewest extinctions, smaller reserves suffered most. (Newmark, 1987.)
19-05

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 A core and buffer design. Yellowstone National Park (core and inner buffer) and the adjacent national forests (outer buffer) are an example of how planning buffer areas can increase the effective reserve size.
19-06

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 Proposed wildlife corridors in Florida. The corridors would allow a greater movement of populations and reduce the likelihood of inbreeding. (R. F. Noss, 1991.)
19-08

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 Increases in Australian mammal populations following fox poisoning. Quoll, numbat, and rock-wallaby all increased in abundance once fox populations were reduced or eliminated by poisoning. (a) Percentage of live-mammal traps containing quoll before and after poisoned baits were used to reduce fox populations in Batalling Forest, W. Australia. (b) Numbat sightings in Dryandra Woodland, W. Australia, before and after fox baiting. (c) Rock-wallaby sightings in adjacent forests, one in which foxes were eliminated, the other where there was no eradication program, near Kellerberrin, W. Australia. (C. Bailey, 1996.)
19-10

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 A range map of the zebra mussel in the United States for February, 1998. (Cornell Seagrant project.)
19-11

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 Alternative ways to site a nature reserve. (a) With rivers forming the boundary of a nature reserve, there is unlimited access for poachers who arrive in boats. (b) When the watershed is used to define the park boundary, a single river access point can be guarded.
19-12

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 A landscape of diverse land use and numerous stakeholders who could affect the success of the reserve area.





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