Biology: Life on Earth

Chapter 3: Biological Molecules

Essay Challenge

1. What is the purpose of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl? [Hint]

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2. How do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis differ? [Hint]

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3. List and describe three different types of carbohydrates and their functions. [Hint]

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4. List and describe the four levels of protein structure and how each level relates to the others. Answer should include the following: primary—the sequence of amino acids; secondary—the interactions within the chain of amino acids; tertiary—the three-dimensional structure of a protein; quaternary—subunits of proteins bonded together. Each level builds upon the previous levels. [Hint]

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5. Food scientists often work to find ways to produce healthier food choices. Explain why it is a challenge to produce a margarine that is solid at room temperature, but does not contain any saturated fat? [Hint]

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6. How is a phospholipid structurally different from a triglyceride? [Hint]

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7. Your friend is afraid of having a heart attack and has decided to eat a totally cholesterol-free diet. What would you say to your friend to try to convince him that no cholesterol is also harmful? [Hint]

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8. When a water system becomes contaminated with microbes, people are urged to boil their water before drinking it. Describe the effect that heating the water has on the proteins of the microbes and explain how this will make the water safe. [Hint]

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