- 24-hour food recall
- client recalls all the food and beverages consumed during a typical 24-hour period
- Anabolism
- a process in which simple substances are converted by the body cells into more complex substances (e.g., building tissue, positive nitrogen balance)
- Anemia
- a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells or hemoglobin
- Anorexia
- lack of appetite
- Anorexia nervosa
- a disease characterized by a prolonged inability or refusal to eat, rapid weight loss, and emaciation in persons who continue to believe they are fat
- Basal metabolic rate
- (BMR) the rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing
- Body mass index
- (BMI) indicates whether weight is appropriate for height
- Bottle mouth syndrome
- describes the decay of the infant's teeth caused by constant contact with the sweet liquid in a bottle
- Bulimia
- an uncontrollable compulsion to eat large amounts of food and then expel it by self-induced vomiting or by taking laxatives
- Caloric value
- the amount of energy that nutrients or foods supply to the body
- Calorie (c, cal, kcal)
- a unit of heat energy equivalent to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 C
- Catabolism
- a process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue)
- Cholesterol
- a lipid that does not contain fatty acid but possesses many of the chemical and physical properties of other lipids
- Complete proteins
- a protein that contains all of the essential amino acids as well as many nonessential ones
- Demand feeding
- child is fed when hungry
- Diet history
- a comprehensive assessment of a client’s food intake that involves an extensive interview by a nutritionist or dietitian
- Disaccharides
- sugars that are composed of double molecules
- Dysphagia
- difficulty or inability to swallow
- Enteral
- through the gastrointestinal system
- Enzymes
- biologic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
- Essential amino acids
- amino acids that cannot be manufactured in the body and must be supplied as part of the protein ingested in the diet
- Fad
- a widespread but short-lived interest, or a practice followed with considerable zeal
- Fats
- lipids that are solid at room temperature
- Fat-soluble vitamins
- A, D, E, and K vitamins that the body can store
- Fatty acids
- the basic structural units of most lipids made up of carbon chains and hydrogen
- Food diary
- a detailed record of measured amounts (portion sizes) of all food and fluids a client consumes during a specified period, usually 3 to 7 days
- Food frequency record
- a checklist that indicates how often general food groups or specific foods are eaten
- Gastrostomy
- an opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach
- Glycerides
- the most common form of lipids consisting of a glycerol molecule with up to three fatty acids
- Glycogen
- the chief carbohydrate stored in the body, particularly in the liver and muscles
- Glycogenesis
- the process of glycogen formation
- Ideal body weight (IBW)
- the optimal weight recommended for optimal health
- Incomplete proteins
- protein that lacks one or more essential amino acids; usually derived from vegetables
- Iron deficiency anemia
- a form of anemia caused by inadequate supply of iron for synthesis of hemoglobin
- Jejunostomy
- an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum
- Kilocalorie (Kcal)
- see Calorie
- Kilojoule (kJ)
- a metric measurement referring to the amount of energy required when a force of one newton (N) moves one kilogram of weight one meter distance
- Large calorie (Calorie, kilocalorie [Kcal])
- see Calorie
- Lipids
- organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
- Lipoproteins
- soluble compounds made up of various lipids
- Macrominerals
- any of the minerals that people require daily in amounts over 100 mg
- Malnutrition
- a disorder of nutrition; insufficient nourishment of the body cells
- Metabolism
- the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living substance is formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the organism
- Microminerals
- a vitamin or mineral
- Mid-arm circumference (MAC)
- a measure of fat, muscle, and skeleton
- Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC)
- calculated by using reference tables or by using a formula that incorporates the triceps skinfold and the MAC
- Minerals
- a substance found in organic compounds, as inorganic compounds and as free ions
- Monosaccharides
- sugars that are composed of single molecules
- Monounsaturated fatty acids
- a fatty acid with one double bond
- Nasoenteric tube
- a tube inserted through one of the nostrils, down the nasopharynx, and into the alimentary tract
-
Nasogastric tube
- a plastic or rubber tube inserted through the nose into the stomach for the purpose of feeding or irrigating the stomach
- Nitrogen balance
- a measure of the degree of protein anabolism and catabolism; net result of intake and loss of nitrogen
- Nonessential amino acids
- an amino acid that the body can manufacture
- Nutrients
- organic or inorganic substances found in food
- Nutrition
- the sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes
- Nutritive value
- the nutrient content of a specified amount of food
- Obese
- (obesity) weight greater than 20% of the ideal for height and frame
- Overnutrition
- a caloric intake in excess of daily energy requirements, resulting in storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue
- Oils
- lipids that are liquid at room temperature
- Overweight
- BMI 26-30 kg/m2
- Parenteral
- drug administration occurring outside the alimentary tract; injected into the body through some route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intramuscularly)
- Partially complete proteins
- proteins that contain less than the required amount of one or more essential amino acids; cannot alone support continued growth
- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
- feeding catheter inserted into the stomach through the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the abdomen
- Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ)
- feeding catheter inserted into the jejunum through the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the abdomen
- Polysaccharides
- a branched chain of dozens, sometimes hundreds, of glucose molecules; starches
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- fatty acid with more than one double bond (or many carbons not bonded to a hydrogen atom)
- Protein-calorie malnutrition
- problem of clients with long-term deficiencies in caloric intake; characteristics include depressed visceral proteins (e.g., albumin), weight loss, and visible muscle and fat wasting
- Pureed diet
- a modification of the soft diet; liquid may be added to the food, which is then blended to a semisolid consistency
- Regurgitation
- the spitting up or backward flow of undigested food
- Resting energy expenditure (REE)
- the amount of energy required to maintain basic body functions
- Saturated fatty acids
- those in which all carbon atoms are filled to capacity (i.e., saturated) with hydrogen
- Skinfold measurement
- an indicator of the amount of body fat, the main form of stored energy
- Small calorie (c, cal)
- the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 C
- Triglycerides
- substances that have three fatty acids; they account for over 90% of the lipids in food and in the body
- Undernutrition
- an intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirements because of inadequate food intake or improper digestion and absorption of food
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- a fatty acid that could accommodate more hydrogen atoms than it currently does
- Urea
- a substance found in urine, blood, and lymph; the main nitrogenous substance in blood
- Vitamin
- an organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to catalyze metabolic processes
- Water-soluble vitamins
- a water-soluble vitamin that the body cannot store, so people must get a daily supply in the diet; include C and B-complex
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