- Active ROM exercises
- isotonic exercises in which the client moves each joint in the body through its complete range, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over the joint
- Activity-exercise pattern
- refers to a person’s pattern of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation
- Activity tolerance
- the type and amount of exercise or daily activities an individual is able to perform
- Aerobic exercise
- any activity during which the body takes in more or an equal amount of oxygen than it expends
- Ambulation
- the act of walking
- Anabolism
- a process in which simple substances are converted by the body cells into more complex substances (e.g., building tissue, positive nitrogen balance)
- Anaerobic exercise
- involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the blood stream; used in endurance training
- Ankylosed
- permanently immobile joints
- Anorexia
- lack of appetite
- Atrophy
- wasting away; decrease in size of organ or tissue (e.g., muscle)
- Basal metabolic rate
- the rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing
- Base of support
- the area on which an object rests
- Bed rest
- strict confinement to bed (complete bed rest), or the client may be allowed to use a bedside commode or have bathroom privileges
- Calculi
- renal stones
- Catabolism
- a process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue)
- Center of gravity
- the point at which the mass (weight) of the body is centered
- Contracture
- permanent shortening of a muscle and subsequent shortening of tendons and ligaments
- Crepitation
- (1) a dry, crackling sound like that of crumpled cellophane, produced by air in the subcutaneous tissue or by air moving through fluid in the alveoli of the lungs; (2) a crackling, grating sound produced by bone rubbing against bone
- Dorsal recumbent position
- a back-lying position with the head and shoulders slightly elevated
- Dorsal position
- back-lying position without a pillow
- Embolus
- a blood clot (or a substance such as air) that has moved from its place of origin and is causing obstruction to circulation elsewhere (plural: emboli)
- Exercise
- a type of physical activity; a planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness
- Flaccid
- weak or lax
- Fowler's position
- a bed sitting position with the head of the bed raised to 45 degrees
- Gait
- the way a person walks
- High Fowler's position
- a bed-sitting position in which the head of the bed is elevated 90 degrees
- Hypertrophy
- enlargement of a muscle or organ
- Isokinetic (resistive) exercises
- muscle contraction or tension against resistance
- Isometric (static or setting) exercise
- tensing of a muscle against an immovable outer resistance, which does not change muscle length or produce joint motion
- Isotonic (dynamic) exercise
- exercise in which muscle tension is constant and the muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement
- Lateral position
- a side-lying position
- Line of gravity
- an imaginary vertical line running through the center of gravity
- Logrolling
- a technique used to turn a client whose body must at all times be kept in straight alignment (like a log)
- Lordosis
- an exaggerated concavity in the lumbar region of the vertebral column
- Low Fowler's position
- a bed-sitting position in which the head of the bed is elevated between 15 and 45 degrees, with or without knee flexion
- Metabolism
- the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living substance is formed and maintained and by which energy is made available for use by the organism
- Mobility
- ability to move about freely, easily, and purposefully in the environment
- Orthopneic position
- a sitting position to relieve respiratory difficulty in which the client leans over and is supported by an overbed table across the lap
- Osteoporosis
- demineralization of the bone
- Pace
- number of steps taken per minute or the distance taken in one step when walking
- Passive ROM exercises
- another person moves each of the client’s joints through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over each joint
- Physical activity
- bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure and produces progressive health benefits
- Prone position
- face-lying position, with or without a small pillow
- Range of motion (ROM)
- the degree of movement possible for each joint
- Semi-Fowler's position
- see low Fowler's position
- Sims' position
- side-lying position with lowermost arm behind the body and uppermost leg flexed
- Spastic
- describing the sudden, prolonged involuntary muscle contractions of clients with damage to the central nervous system
- Supine position
- see Dorsal position
- Thrombophlebitis
- inflammation of a vein followed by formation of a blood clot
- Thrombus
- a solid mass of blood constituents in the circulatory system; a clot (plural: thrombi)
- Tripod (triangle) position
- the proper standing position with crutches; crutches are placed about 15 cm (6 in) in front of the feet and out laterally about 15 cm (6 in), creating a wide base of support
- Urinary incontinence
- a temporary or permanent inability of the external sphincter muscles to control the flow of urine from the bladder
- Urinary reflux
- backward flow of urine
- Urinary retention
- the accumulation of urine in the bladder and inability of the bladder to empty itself
- Urinary stasis
- stagnation of urinary flow
- Valsalva maneuver
- forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venous blood return to the heart
- Vital capacity
- the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalationa
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