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Two different research studies examined achievement differences between whole= language and phonics approaches to reading instruction. One study compared mean reading achievement scores of 25 elementary schools in a four-county area using whole language with the mean reading achievement scores of 28 elementary schools in the same area using phonics instruction. Another study compared mean reading achievement scores of 48 students in two classes at Waukazoo Elementary whose teachers used whole- language instruction with 43 students in two classes at the same school whose teachers used phonics instruction. The difference between these two studies is in the: [Hint]
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| 2 . |
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In obtaining permission to conduct research, researchers are required by institutional research boards at colleges and universities to: [Hint]
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| 3 . |
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sample : population :: [Hint]
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The difference between the sample estimate and the true population score is the: [Hint]
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Probability sampling is characterized by: [Hint]
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Nonprobability sampling is characterized by choosing a sample based on: [Hint]
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Choosing a sample such that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected is known as: [Hint]
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Choosing every "nth" individual or site in the population until the desired sample size is achieved is known as: [Hint]
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Using some research participants to help you identify other possible participants in the population is known as: [Hint]
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Choosing a sample by partitioning off the population based on selected characteristics (e.g., race) such that each characteristic is represented proportionately in the population is known as: [Hint]
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| 11 . |
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In a study of interscholastic athletics on academic achievement, a researcher first identifies all of the 50 state high school athletic associations. From this list, she develops the list of all secondary schools offering at least 12 interscholastic sports (6 girls, 6 boys). From that list of schools, she randomly selected 435 high schools across the country proportional to the population. (She does this by picking one high school from each congressional district.) From that list, she randomly selects the participants from one boys sport and one girls sport in each school. The result is a mailed survey to over 13,000 high school students participating in interscholastic athletics. This approach to sampling is known as: [Hint]
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| 12 . |
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Choosing a sample by selecting participants because they are available and willing to participate in the study is known as: [Hint]
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With increasing sample size a researcher gains: [Hint]
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"The number of aggressive acts on a playground observed during a school-day recess period" is an example of a(n): [Hint]
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A researcher is interested in a construct he calls "school satisfaction." To measure this, he asks schoolchildren in grades 5-12 to fill out a list of 10 adjectives describing school (e.g., interesting, challenging, boring). He asks students to circle either "yes" or "no" for each of these items. This measure of school satisfaction is: [Hint]
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A researcher is interested in a construct she calls "school satisfaction." To measure this, she asks schoolchildren in grades 5-12 to fill out a 10-item survey about school experiences (e.g., "I feel challenged at school."). Students complete the questions on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This measure of school satisfaction is: [Hint]
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A researcher who is interested in the effects of low birth weight (LBW) on subsequent kindergarten readiness follows a group of LBW children through the first five years of life, collecting various psychological, social, and educational outcomes. She correlates all of these variables with the original birth weight of the child. The measure of birth weight is: [Hint]
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Performance measures : attitudinal measures :: [Hint]
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Obtaining the same results on repeated administration of the same instrument is known as: [Hint]
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| 20 . |
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Martin Seligman's measure of Explanatory Style predicted retention rates of college freshmen better than students' SAT scores. Seligman's instrument is said to have: [Hint]
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