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This chapter focuses on the roles of the medical-surgical nurses who promote health and provide care during illness or injury to adult clients. The roles of the medical-surgical nurse as caregiver, teacher, client advocate, and manager of care are discussed in various situations. The nursing care process is presented as a model of care that differentiates nursing from other health care providers. The five interdependent and cyclic steps of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Critical thinking is introduced to the student ask self-directed thinking that is focused on what to believe or do in a specify situation. It involves both attitudes and skills. Critical thinking and the nursing process are essential elements in nursing practice. The chapter provides national and international nursing codes of ethics and standards to guide nursing practice and needed to protect the public. Culturally sensitive nursing is discussed in the chapter. Ethical and legal dilemmas in nursing such as client rights, issues of death and dying, and caring for the client with AIDS are highlighted in the chapter. To enhance the learning of the student an interactive care map: Think it Through and end of chapter review questions have been presented. Steps of the nursing process. Notice that the steps are interrelated and interdependent. For example, evaluation of the client might reveal the need for further assessment, additional nursing diagnoses, and/or a revision of the plan of care. [Box 1-3] The code of ethics and standards for nursing practice as stated in the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES) is to guide nursing practice in a safe and competent manner. The guidelines set standards for the caregiver role of nursing and the professional responsibility of the practical/vocational nurse. Lecture Suggestions:
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