Chapter Objectives

The twenty (20) chapter objectives listed in this module are the same as those found on the opening page of Chapter 12 in the textbook. However, several learning objectives have been written and listed below to help you focus on specific material that is critical to your being able to demonstrate proficiency on the broader chapter objectives. In addition, multiple choice and essay/activity self-assessment items have been written for most of the learning objectives to help assess your knowledge of this material. You can access these items through the Multiple Choice and Essay/Activity modules.

1. Explain the concept of standard error.

   1.1	Describe a sampling distribution of means.
   1.2	Define the standard error of the mean.
   1.3	Discuss the use of the standard error of the mean in relation to a sampling distribution of means.
   1.4	Identify other situations in which standard errors are used.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 1

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2. Describe how sample size affects standard error.

   2.1	Write the formula for the standard error of the mean.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 2

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3. Describe the null hypothesis.

   3.1	Write a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis related to group comparisons and explain their meaning in words.
   3.2	Write a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis related to relationships and explain their meaning in words.
   3.3	Explain the logic of testing the null hypothesis.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 3

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4. State the purpose of a test of significance.

   4.1	Explain the probabilistic nature of a test of significance.
   4.2	Discuss what is meant by acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 4

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5. Describe Type I and Type II errors.

   5.1	Describe two correct decisions related to a test of significance.
   5.2	Describe two incorrect decisions related to a test of significance and label each as a Type I or Type II error.
   5.3	Explain the relationship between Type I errors and alpha levels.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 5

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6. Describe the concept of significance level (probability level).

   6.1	Identify three common probability levels used in educational research and explain the meaning of each.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 6

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7. Describe one-tailed and two-tailed tests.

   7.1	Describe a situation in which a two-tailed test is appropriate.
   7.2	Describe a situation in which a one-tailed test is appropriate.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 7

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8. Explain the difference between parametric tests and nonparametric tests.

   8.1	Identify the assumptions of parametric tests of significance.
   8.2	Identify the advantages of parametric tests of significance.
   8.3	Identify the assumptions of non-parametric tests of significance.
   8.4	Identify the disadvantages of non-parametric tests of significance.

   multiple choice questions for Objective 8

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9. State the purpose and explain the strategy of the t test.

   9.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9.

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10. Describe independent and nonindependent samples.

    10.1	Differentiate independent and dependent samples.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 10

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11. State the purpose and appropriate use of the t test for independent samples.

    11.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 11

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12. State the purpose and appropriate use of the t test for nonindependent samples.

    12.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 12

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13. Describe one major problem associated with analyzing gain or difference scores.

    13.1	Identify two problems with gain scores.
    13.2	Identify an appropriate analysis for pretest posttest data.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 13

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14. State the purpose of the simple analysis of variance.

    14.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 14

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15. State the purpose of multiple comparison procedures.

    15.1	Discuss the use of post-hoc comparisons.
    15.2	Identify three post-hoc procedures.
    15.3	See Objectives 20.1 – 20.9

    multiple choice questions for Objective 15

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16. State the purpose of a factorial analysis of variance.

    16.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 16

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17. State the purpose of analysis of covariance.

    17.1	Define the term covariate.
    17.2	Discuss two functions of ANCOVA.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 17

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18. State two uses of multiple regression.

    18.1	Discuss the purpose of multiple regression.
    18.2	Describe the use of multiple regression.

    multiple choice questions for Objective 18

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19. State the purpose of chi square.

    19.1	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9 for a one dimensional chi square.
    19.2	See Objectives 20.1 - 20.9 for a two dimensional chi square.

    web links for Objective 19

20. Generate three columns of five one-digit numbers (“scores”) and compute each of the following statistics (give the formula and show your work): t test for independent samples, t test for nonindependent samples, simple analysis of variance for three groups, the Scheffé test, and chi square. State whether each result is statistically significant at alpha = .05, and interpret each result.

    20.1	State the null and alternative hypotheses.
    20.2	Identify the test of significance and state its purpose.
    20.3	Set the alpha level.
    20.4	Identify the sampling distribution.
    20.5	Identify the test statistic.
    20.6	Compute the test statistic.
    20.7	If computing the statistic by hand, identify the critical value of the test statistic; if using SPSS-Windows, identify the probability value of the computed test statistic.
    20.8	Compare the computed test statistic to the critical value, or compare the computed probability value to the set level of alpha.
    20.9	Accept or reject the null hypothesis.

    essay/activity questions for Objective 20

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