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Chapter 9

Practice Quiz

Practice Quiz

This activity contains 44 questions.

	In experimental research, the researcher manipulates   at least one dependent variable. all variables. at least one independent variable. at least one independent variable and one dependent variable.

	In an experimental study of the effects of multi-age grouped classes on academic achievement after controlling for IQ, the dependent variable is   academic achievement. IQ. multi-age grouping. students' age.

	Which of the following is a necessary step in conducting experimental research?   Manipulation of an independent variable to compare two approaches. Selection of measuring instruments. Creating a hypothesis stating a causal relationship between variables. All of these

	Which of the following helps to establish the representativeness of the subjects in groups?   Random assignment Selecting preexisting groups Random selection Manipulating the independent variable

	Which of the following helps establish equivalent groups?   Random assignment Selecting preexisting groups Random selection Manipulating the independent variable

	Which of the following is a common comparison used in experimental research designs?   A comparison of two different approaches to instruction A comparison of new and existing programs A comparison of different amounts of a single approach All of these

	In which experimental design does a group receive no treatment?   Pretest-posttest comparison group True experimental posttest only comparison group design Quasi-experimental pretest-posttest experimental control group design None of these

	Which of the following is likely if a nonequivalent group design is used?   The outcome will favor the better group unless the researcher controls for initial differences. ANCOVA will be used to analyze the data. Differential selection will be a major internal validity threat. All of these

	Researchers often conduct experiments over a short time to ensure adequate control of the situation. Often this creates a problem with   the statistical analysis of data. similar treatments. differential selection. insufficient exposure to treatment.

	In an experimental study of the effects of inclusion on academic self-concept of children with special needs, the researcher is in control of   the selection of subjects but not their assignment to treatment group. the selection and assignment of subjects. the assignment of subjects to treatment group but not their selection. neither the selection nor assignment of subjects.

	Which of the following would NOT necessarily be an assigned variable?   Self-concept Participation in specific math activities in class Attitude toward school Father's level of education

	Control in experimental research is best described as an attempt to   limit threats to external validity. increase the generalizability of findings. equate the subjects on the treatment variable. limit threats to internal validity.

	Which of the following is a participant variable which a researcher does not need to control in a study looking at student achievement?   Height Preexisting knowledge Gender Socioeconomic status

	The control of extraneous variables to ensure the treatment alone causes the effect is known as   manipulation. predictive validity. internal validity. external validity.

	The ability to generalize the results of a study is related to   manipulation. predictive validity. internal validity. external validity.

	Internal validity is to causation as external validity is to   manipulation. control. generalization. None of these

	As threats to internal validity are controlled, threats to external validity are likely to   increase. stay the same. decrease. become nonexistent.

	Dr. Perkins is studying the effect of two approaches on preschool children who have been misbehaving. Which threat to internal validity should she control?   History Maturation Mortality Multiple treatments

	An event like the September 11 terrorist attacks could create a problem with which threat to internal validity?   History Maturation Testing Mortality

	Dr. Ortiz used a posttest that was far too easy for the subjects in both the experimental and treatment groups. Most students earned a perfect score. What threat to internal validity is a problem?   History Statistical regression Differential selection Instrumentation

	If Dr. Fink studies the effects of two reading programs on students who were academically not ready for first grade, he will likely control for   History Statistical regression Differential selection Instrumentation

	The biggest threat to validity in a study of intact groups is   history. maturation. differential selection of participants. experimenter bias.

	What is the concern related to mortality?   Loss of subjects from both groups Subjects dying during an experiment Differential loss of subjects from both groups Subjects behaving ethically

	Dr. Woods is studying the golf swings of two groups of kids participating in local summer programs. The groups were formed based on the ages of the kids, and he works with each group for two weeks. Which threat to internal validity is a possible concern?   History Statistical regression Selection maturation interaction Instrumentation

	Ecological validity refers to the   participants to whom the results generalize. instruments used to measure the independent and dependent variables. internal validity of a study. context to which results generalize.

	Dr. Thomas is investigating the effects of 12 types of stress reduction treatments on teachers' levels of stress. He has used a true experimental design, but he is concerned about the contaminating effect one treatment might have on the use of a subsequent treatment. This threat to external validity is known as   pretest treatment interaction. multiple treatment interference. selection treatment interaction. experimenter effects.

	If Dr. Palmer pretests the subjects in his experimental and control groups, he might be concerned with which external validity threat?   Maturation Pretest treatment interaction History Multiple treatments

	The internal validity threat of differential selection of subjects is closely related to which external validity threat?   Pretest treatment interaction Selection treatment interaction Diffusion of treatment Experimenter effects

	Educational policy makers often conclude that an intervention didn't work. Often, however, the intervention was not implemented as intended. The validity of the policymakers' conclusion is threatened by   lack of specificity of variables. selection-treatment interaction. treatment diffusion. faulty data analysis procedures.

	The best solution to minimize the external validity threat of diffusion of treatment is to   tell the teachers in the experimental and control groups to not discuss their work with one another. physically separate the experimental and control groups. do not tell the teachers they are participating in an experiment. assure the control group teachers they will receive the treatment later.

	Which of the following is an active experimenter effect?   Gender Race Bias Personality

	Ms. Kohl's Algebra I class was not chosen to participate in a new computer-based program. Her students were furious that they were not selected, so they set out to show the researchers that they were better anyway! The results of the study would be confounded by the   Hawthorne effect. John Henry effect. researcher effect. placebo effect.

	The best way to control for extraneous variables in research studies is   randomization valid and reliable instrumentation. avoiding all threats to external validity. using intact groups.

	The best way to control environmental variables is to   randomly select each variable. hold the variables constant by only selecting one level of it. match variables. use ANCOVA to adjust for differences.

	The use of matching effectively creates   non-equivalent groups. high levels of external validity. equivalent groups. a placebo effect.

	The cost of using homogeneous groups to control extraneous variables is   a loss of external validity. a loss of internal validity. creating equivalent groups. creating non-equivalent groups.

	Which design allows subjects to act as their own controls?   The static group design Pretest-posttest control group design Time series design Posttest only control group design

	The purpose of ANCOVA is to   statistically control for pretest differences between groups. bias the results. match subjects on a statistical basis. create homogenous subgroups.

	Which of the following designs poses the greatest risk to internal validity?   O X OM O     O      O        O    X  O O X1  O O  X2  O R  X1  O R  X2  O

	Many beginning researchers believe that research involves testing, treating, and testing a single group again to show gains. This is an example of   comparison group research. quasi-experimental research. true experimental research. pre-experimental research.

	The unique characteristic of true experimental designs which differentiates them from quasi-experimental designs is   random assignment of subjects to groups. fewer internal validity threats. the likelihood of equivalent groups. All of these

	Quasi-experimental research is used when   random selection is not possible. neither random selection nor random assignment is possible. random assignment is not possible. there are no comparison groups available.

	A researcher believes that the effects of a treatment will be different for males and females. The best method to test this possible interaction is a   single-subject design. factorial design. time series design. quasi-experimental design.

	An interaction describes how   internal validity threats are controlled. external validity threats are controlled. scores for levels of a first independent variable change depending on the levels of a second independent variable. the researcher assigned subjects to groups.

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