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Chapter 2 |
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| division of labor (or job specialization) | The breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks. |
| Industrial Revolution | The substitution of machine power for human power, which made it more economical to manufacture goods in factories rather than at home. |
| scientific management | Using the scientific method to determine the "one best way" for a job to be done. |
| therbligs | A classification scheme for labeling seventeen basic hand motions. |
| general administrative theory | A theory of management that focused on describing what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. |
| principles of management | Fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations. |
| bureaucracy | A form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. |
| quantitative approach | The use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. |
| organizational behavior (OB) | The field of study concerned with the actions (behavior) of people at work. |
| Hawthorne Studies | A series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights in individual and group behavior. |
| system | A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. |
| closed systems | Systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment. |
| open systems | Systems that interact with their environment. |
| contingency approach | Management approach that says that organizations are different, face different situations (contingencies), and require different ways of managing. |
| workforce diversity | A workforce that's heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences. |
| entrepreneurship | The process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities. |
| e-business (electronic | The way an organization does its work by using electronic |
| business) | (Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. |
| e-commerce (electronic commerce) | The sales and marketing aspect of e-business. |
| intranet | A Web-based internal communication system accessible only by organizational employees. |
| learning organization | An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. |
| knowledge management | Cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance. |
| quality management | A philosophy of management that is driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations. |
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