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Chapter 7 |
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| Access arm | The disk drive mechanism used to position the read/write heads over the appropriate track. |
| Access point | A communications hub that enables a link to a LAN via short-range radio waves. |
| Access time | The time between the instant a computer makes a request for a transfer of data from disk storage and the instant this operation is completed. |
| Accumulator | The computer register in which the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is formed. (Related to arithmetic and logic unit.) |
| ActiveX controls | A program that uses Microsoft's ActiveX technology that can be downloaded and executed by a browser to enable multimedia in Web pages. (See also applet.) |
| Address | (1) A name, numeral, or label that designates a particular location in RAM or disk storage. (2) A location identifier for nodes in a computer network. |
| Address bus | Pathway through which source and destination addresses are transmitted between RAM, cache memory, and the processor. (See also data bus.) |
| AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) board | A graphics adapter that permits interfacing with video monitors. |
| AGP bus | A special-function bus designed to handle high-resolution 3-D graphics. |
| All-in-one multifunction device | A multifunction machine that can handle the paper-related tasks of printing, facsimile, scanning, and copying. |
| Alpha | A reference to the letters of the alphabet. (Compare with numeric and alphanumeric.) |
| Alphanumeric | Pertaining to a character set that contains letters, digits, punctuation, and special symbols. (Related to alpha and numeric.) |
| Analog signal | A continuous waveform signal that can be used to represent such things as sound, temperature, and velocity. (See also digital signal.) |
| Animation software | Software that facilitates animation, the rapid repositioning of objects on a display to create the illusion of movement. |
| Anonymous FTP site | An Internet site that permits FTP (file transfer protocol) file transfers without prior permission. |
| ANSI | The American National Standards Institute is a nongovernmental standards-setting organization that develops and publishes standards for "voluntary" use in the United States. |
| Antivirus program | A utility program that periodically checks a PC's hard disk for computer viruses then removes any that are found. |
| Applet | A small program sent over the Internet or an intranet that is interpreted and executed by Internet browser software. (See also ActiveX controls.) |
| Application generator | A system development tool used to actually generate the system programming code based on design specifications. |
| Application icon | A miniature visual representation of a software application on a display. |
| Application window | A rectangular window containing an open, or running, application in Microsoft Windows. |
| Applications programmer | A programmer who translates analyst-prepared system and input/output specifications into programs. Programmers design the logic, then code, debug, test, and document the programs. |
| Applications service provider (ASP) | An ASP is a company that provides software-based services and solutions to customers via the Internet from a central server computer. |
| Applications software | Software designed and written to address a specific personal, business, or processing task. |
| Arithmetic and logic unit | That portion of the computer that performs arithmetic and logic operations. (Related to accumulator.) |
| Arithmetic operators | Mathematical operators (add [+], subtract [-], multiply [*], divide [/], and exponentiation [^]) used in programming and in spreadsheet and database software for computations. |
| Artificial intelligence (AI) | The ability of a computer to reason, to learn, to strive for self-improvement, and to simulate human sensory capabilities. |
| Artificial life (ALife) | The study of and creation of computer-based systems that behave like biological systems. |
| ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) | A 7-bit or 8-bit encoding system. |
| ASCII file | A generic text file that is stripped of program-specific control characters. |
| Assembler language | A programming language that uses easily recognized symbols, called mnemonics, to represent instructions. |
| Assistant system | This knowledge-based system helps users make relatively straightforward decisions. (See also expert system.) |
| Assistive technology | Enabling input/output peripherals and software for people with disabilities. |
| Asynchronous transmission | A protocol in which data are transmitted at irregular intervals on an as-needed basis. (See also synchronous transmission.) |
| Attached file | A file that is attached and sent with an e-mail message. |
| Audio file | A file that contains digitized sound. |
| Authoring software | Software that lets you create multimedia applications that integrate sound, motion, text, animation, and images. |
| Automatic teller machine (ATM) | An automated deposit/withdrawal device used in banking. |
| B2B (business-to-business) | An e-commerce concept that encourages intercompany processing and data exchange via computer networks and the Internet. (Contrast with B2C.) |
| B2C (business-to-consumer) | An e-commerce concept that encourages electronic interactions between businesses and consumers via Internet server computers. (Contrast with B2B.) |
| Backbone | A system of routers and the associated transmission media that facilitates the interconnection of computer networks. |
| Back-end applications software | This software on the server computer performs processing tasks in support of its clients, such as tasks associated with storage and maintenance of a centralized corporate database. (See also front-end applications software.) |
| Background | (1) That part of RAM that contains the lowest priority programs. (2) In Windows, the area of the display over which the foreground is superimposed. (Contrast with foreground.) |
| Backup file | Duplicate of an existing file. |
| Backup | Pertaining to equipment, procedures, or databases that can be used to restart the system in the event of system failure. |
| Badge reader | An input device that reads data on badges and cards. |
| Bandwidth | Generally the range of frequencies in a communications channel or, specifically, the number of bits the channel can transmit per second. |
| Bar code | A graphic encoding technique in which printed vertical bars of varying widths are used to represent data. |
| Bar graph | A graph that contains bars that represent specified numeric values. |
| Batch processing | A technique in which transactions and/or jobs are collected into groups (batched) and processed together. |
| Binary | A base-2 numbering system. |
| Biometric identification system | Systems that detect unique personal characteristics that can be matched against a database containing the characteristics of authorized users. |
| BIOS (Basic Input Output System) | Flash memory-based software that contains the instructions needed to boot a PC and load the operating system. |
| Bit | A binary digit (0 or 1). |
| Bit-mapped graphics | Referring to an image that has been projected, or mapped, to a screen based on binary bits. (See also raster graphics.) |
| Bits per second (bps) | The number of bits that can be transmitted per second over a communications channel. |
| Bluetooth | A short-range wireless communications technology. (Contrast with Wi-Fi.) |
| BMP | A popular format for bit-mapped files. |
| Boilerplate | Existing text in a word processing file that can in some way be customized for use in a variety of word processing applications. |
| Boot | The procedure for loading the operating system to RAM and readying a computer system for use. |
| Bots | See intelligent agent. |
| Broadband | Typically, a reference to a high-speed Internet link via cable, satellite, or DSL. |
| Broadband access | Generic term for high-speed Internet access. |
| Browsers | Programs that let you navigate to and view the various Internet resources. |
| Bug | A logic or syntax error in a program, a logic error in the design of a computer system, or a hardware fault. (See also debug.) |
| System bus | An electrical pathway through which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and all peripheral devices. |
| Bus topology | A computer network that permits the connection of terminals, peripheral devices, and microcomputers along an open-ended central cable. |
| Business-to-business | See B2B. |
| Business-to-consumer | See B2C. |
| Button bar | A software option that contains a group of pictographs that represent a menu option or a command. |
| Byte | A group of adjacent bits configured to represent a character or symbol. |
| C | A transportable programming language that can be used to develop software. |
| C++ | An object-oriented version of the C programming language. |
| C# | A Microsoft object-oriented programming language aimed at Web development. |
| Cache memory | High-speed solid-state memory for program instructions and data. |
| CAD | See computer-aided design. |
| Cascading menu | A pop-up menu that is displayed when a command from the active menu is chosen. |
| Cascading windows | Two or more windows that are displayed on a computer screen in an overlapping manner. |
| Cat5 cabling | One hundred M bps LAN cabling that uses twisted pair wire with RJ-45 connectors. |
| Cat5e cabling | One G bps LAN cabling that uses twisted pair wire with RJ-45 connectors. |
| Cathode-ray tube | See CRT. |
| CBT | See computer-based training. |
| CD-R [Compact Disc-Recordable] | The medium on which CD writers create CDs and CD-ROMs. |
| CD-ROM disc [CompactDisk Read-Only Memory disc] | A type of optical laser storage media. |
| CD-ROM drive | A storage device into which an interchangeable CD-ROM disc is inserted for processing. |
| CD-RW | See CD-ReWritable. |
| Celeron | A line of IntelÆ microprocessors designed for low-cost PCs. |
| Cell | The intersection of a particular row and column in a spreadsheet. |
| Cell address | The location—column and row—of a cell in a spreadsheet. |
| Central processing unit (CPU) | See processor. |
| CGM | A popular vector graphics file format. |
| CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) | An agency that works to thwart electronic vandalism and crime on the Internet. |
| Channel | The facility by which data are transmitted between locations in a computer network (e.g., terminal to host, host to printer). |
| Channel capacity | The number of bits that can be transmitted over a communications channel per second. |
| Chat | An Internet application that allows people on the Internet to converse in real time via text or audio. |
| Chief information officer (CIO) | The individual responsible for all the information services activity in a company. |
| Chip | See integrated circuit. |
| Chipset | A motherboard's intelligence that controls the flow of information between system components connected to the board. |
| CISC [Complex Instruction Set Computer] | A computer design architecture that offers machine language programmers a wide variety of instructions. (Contrast with RISC.) |
| Click through rate | The percentage of people who click on the hyperlink advertisement. |
| Client application | (1) An application running on a networked workstation or PC that works in tandem with a server application. (See also server application.) (2) In object linking and embedding, the application containing the destination document. (See also OLE.) |
| Client computer | Typically a PC or a workstation that requests processing support or another type of service from one or more server computers. (See also server computer.) |
| Client program | A software program that runs on a PC and works in conjunction with a companion server program that runs on a server computer. (See also server program.) |
| Client/server computing | A computing environment in which processing capabilities are distributed throughout a network such that a client computer requests processing or some other type of service from a server computer. |
| Clip art | Prepackaged electronic images that are stored on disk to be used as needed in computer-based documents. |
| Clipboard | An intermediate holding area in internal storage for information en route to another application. |
| Clone | A hardware device or a software package that emulates a product with an established reputation and market acceptance. |
| Cluster | The smallest unit of disk space that can be allocated to a file. |
| Coaxial cable | A shielded wire used as a medium to transmit data between computers and between computers and peripheral devices. |
| COBOL [Common Business Oriented Language] | A third-generation programming language designed to handle business problems. |
| Code | (1) The rules used to translate a bit configuration into alphanumeric characters and symbols. (2) The process of compiling computer instructions into the form of a computer program. (3) The actual computer program. |
| Color depth | The number of bits used to display each pixel on a display. |
| Command | An instruction to a computer that invokes the execution of a preprogrammed sequence of instructions. |
| Common carrier | A company that provides channels for data transmission. |
| Communications channel | The facility by which data are transmitted between locations in a computer network. |
| Communications protocols | Rules established to govern the way data in a computer network are transmitted. |
| Communications satellite | A repeater station for microwave signals set in a geosynchronous orbit about the earth to facilitate data communications. |
| Communications server | The LAN component that provides external communications links. |
| Communications software | (1) Software that enables a microcomputer to emulate a terminal and to transfer files between a micro and another computer. (2) Software that enables communication between remote devices in a computer network. |
| Compact disc-recordable | See CD-R. |
| Compatibility | Pertaining to the ability of computers and computer components (hardware and software) to work together. |
| Compile | To translate a high-level programming language into machine language in preparation for execution. |
| Compiler | A program that translates the instructions of a high-level language to machine language instructions that the computer can interpret and execute. (Contrast with interpreter.) |
| Computer | An electronic device capable of interpreting and executing programmed commands for input, output, computation, and logic operations. |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | Use of computer graphics in design, drafting, and documentation in product and manufacturing engineering. |
| Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) | An approach to software development that combines automation and the rigors of the engineering discipline. |
| Computer-based training (CBT) | Using computer technologies for training and education. |
| Computer literacy | See information technology competency. |
| Computer matching | The procedure whereby separate databases are examined and individuals common to both are identified. |
| Computer monitoring | Observing and regulating employee activities and job performance through the use of computers. |
| Computer network | An integration of computer systems, terminals, and communications links. |
| Computer operator | One who performs those hardware-based activities needed to keep production information systems operational in the server computer environment. |
| Computer system | A collective reference to all interconnected computing hardware, including processors, storage devices, input/output devices, and communications equipment. |
| Computer virus | A man-made program or portion of a program that causes an unexpected event, usually a negative one, to occur within a computer system. |
| Configuration | The computer and its peripheral devices. |
| Connectivity | Pertains to the degree to which hardware devices, software, and databases can be functionally linked to one another. |
| Control unit | The portion of the processor that interprets program instructions, directs internal operations, and directs the flow of input/output to or from RAM. |
| Cookie | A message given to your Web browser by the Web server being accessed. The cookie is a text file containing user preference information. |
| Cooperative processing | An environment in which organizations cooperate internally and externally to take full advantage of available information and to obtain meaningful, accurate, and timely information. (See also intracompany networking.) |
| CPU | See processor. |
| Cracker | An overzealous hacker who "cracks" through network security to gain unauthorized access to the network. (Contrast with hacker.) |
| Cross-platform technologies | Enabling technologies that allow communication and the sharing of resources between different platforms. |
| CRT monitor | A video monitor based on cathode-ray tube technology. |
| Cryptography | A communications crime-prevention technology that uses methods of data encryption and decryption to scramble codes sent over communications channels. |
| CSMA/CD protocol | A network access method in which nodes on the LAN must contend for the right to send a message. |
| Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) | Repetitive motion disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems that, often, are a result of poor workplace design. |
| Cursor, graphics | Typically an arrow or a crosshair that can be moved about a monitor's screen by a point-and-draw device to create a graphic image or select an item from a menu. (See also cursor, text.) |
| Cursor, text | A blinking character that indicates the location of the next keyed-in character on the display screen. (See also cursor, graphics.) |
| Custom programming | Program development to create software for situations unique to a particular processing environment. |
| Cybercrime | generic reference to criminal activities that involve computers, communications, and/or information technology. |
| Cyberphobia | The irrational fear of, and aversion to, computers. |
| Cyberstalking | Technology-based stalking where the Internet becomes a vehicle by which the stalker directs threatening behavior and unwanted advances to another person. |
| Cylinder | A disk-storage concept. A cylinder is that portion of the disk that can be read in any given position of the access arm. (Contrast with sector.) |
| Data | Representations of facts. Raw material for information. (Plural of datum.) |
| Database | The integrated data resource for a computer-based information system. |
| Database administrator (DBA) | The individual responsible for the physical and logical maintenance of the database. |
| Database software | Software that permits users to create and maintain a database and to extract information from the database. |
| Data bus | A common pathway between RAM, cache memory, and the processor through which data and instructions are transferred. (See also address bus.) |
| Data cartridge | Magnetic tape storage in cassette format. |
| Data communications | The collection and distribution of the electronic representation of information between two locations. |
| Data compression | A method of reducing disk-storage requirements for computer files. |
| Data entry | The transcription of source data into a machine-readable format. |
| Data file | This file contains data organized into records. |
| Data flow diagram | A design technique that permits documentation of a system or program at several levels of generality. |
| Data mining | An analytical technique that involves the analysis of large databases, such as data warehouses, to identify possible trends and problems. |
| Data path | The electronic channel through which data flows within a computer system. |
| Data processing (DP) system | Systems concerned with transaction handling and record-keeping, usually for a particular functional area. |
| Data transfer rate | The rate at which data are read/written from/to disk storage to RAM. |
| Data/voice/fax/modem | A modem that permits data communication with remote computers via a telephone-line link and enables telephone calls and fax machine simulation via a PC. |
| Data warehouse | A relational database created from existing operational files and databases specifically to help managers get the information they need to make informed decisions. |
| Data warehousing | An approach to database management that involves moving existing operational files and databases from multiple applications to a data warehouse. |
| DDR SDRAM | A "double data rate" SDRAM. (See also SDRAM.) |
| Debug | To eliminate bugs in a program or system. (See also bug.) |
| Decision support system (DSS) | An interactive information system that relies on an integrated set of user-friendly hardware and software tools to produce and present information targeted to support management in the decision-making process. (Contrast with management information system and executive information system.) |
| Decode | To reverse the encoding process. (Contrast with encode.) |
| Decoder | That portion of a processor's control unit that interprets instructions. |
| Default options | Preset software options that are assumed valid unless specified otherwise by the user. |
| Defragmentation | Using utility software to reorganize files on a hard disk such that files are stored in contiguous clusters. |
| Denial of service virus | A computer virus that places such heavy demands on e-mail server resources that they are unable to handle the volume. |
| Density | The number of bytes per linear length or unit area of a recording medium. |
| Desktop | The screen in Windows upon which icons, windows, a background, and so on are displayed. |
| Desktop PC | A nonportable personal computer that is designed to rest on the top of a desk. (Contrast with laptop PC and tower PC.) |
| Desktop publishing software (DTP) | Software that allows users to produce near-typeset-quality copy for newsletters, advertisements, and many other printing needs, all from the confines of a desktop. |
| Detailed system design | That portion of the systems development process in which the target system is defined in detail. |
| Device controller | Microprocessors that control the operation of peripheral devices. |
| Device driver software | Software that contains instructions needed by the operating system to communicate with the peripheral device. |
| Dialog box | A window that is displayed when the user must choose parameters or enter further information before the chosen menu option can be executed. |
| Dialup connection | Temporary modem-based communications link with another computer. |
| Dialup line | See switched line. |
| Digicam | See digital camera. |
| Digital | A reference to any system based on discrete data, such as the binary nature of computers. |
| Digital camcorder | Portable digital video camera. |
| Digital camera | A camera that records images digitally rather than on film. |
| Digital certificate | An attachment to an electronic message that verifies that the sender is who he or she claims to be. |
| Digital convergence | The integration of computers, communications, and consumer electronics, with all having digital compatibility. |
| Digital ID | A digital code that can be attached to an electronic message that uniquely identifies the sender. |
| Digital jukebox | An Internet-based software application that enables the selection, management, and playing of Internet-based music. |
| Digital signal | Electronic signals that are transmitted as in strings of 1s and 0s. (See also analog signal.) |
| Digital Subscriber Line | See DSL. |
| Digital video camera | A camera that enables the capture of motion video directly into a PC system (used for Webcam applications). |
| Digital video disc | See DVD. |
| Digitize | To translate data or an image into a discrete format that can be interpreted by computers. |
| Digitizer tablet and pen | A pressure-sensitive tablet with the same x-y coordinates as a computer-generated screen. The outline of an image drawn on a tablet with a stylus (pen) or puck is reproduced on the display. |
| DIMM (dual in-line memory module) | A small circuit board, capable of holding several memory chips, that has a 64-bit data path and can be easily connected to a PC's motherboard. (Contrast with SIMM.) |
| Dimmed | A menu option, which is usually gray, that is disabled or unavailable. |
| Direct access | See random access. |
| Direct-access storage device (DASD) | A random-access disk storage device. |
| Direct conversion | An approach to system conversion whereby operational support by the new system is begun when the existing system is terminated. |
| Disc, optical laser | A storage medium which uses lasers for the data read/write operations. |
| Disintermediation | A reference to the removal of the middleman. |
| Disk address | The physical location of a particular set of data or a program on a magnetic disk. |
| Disk caching | A hardware/software technique in which frequently referenced disk-based data are placed in an area of RAM that simulates disk storage. (See also RAM disk.) |
| Disk defragmenter | A utility program that consolidates files into contiguous clusters on a hard disk. |
| Disk density | The number of bits that can be stored per unit of area on the disk-face surface. |
| Disk drive, magnetic | A magnetic storage device that records data on flat rotating disks. (Compare with tape drive, magnetic.) |
| Diskette | A thin interchangeable disk for secondary random-access data storage (same as floppy disk). |
| Disk, magnetic | A storage medium for random-access data storage available in permanently installed or interchangeable formats. |
| Distributed DBMS | An approach to database management that permits the interfacing of databases located in various places throughout a computer network. |
| Docking station | A device into which a notebook PC is inserted to give the notebook PC expanded capabilities, such as a high-capacity disk, interchangeable disk options, a tape backup unit, a large monitor, and so on. |
| Document | A generic reference to whatever is currently displayed in a software package's work area or to a permanent file containing document contents. |
| Document window | Window within an application window that is used to display a separate document created or used by that application. |
| Domain expert | An expert in a particular field who provides the factual knowledge and the heuristic rules for input to a knowledge base. |
| Domain name | That portion of the Internet URL following the double forward slashes (//) that identifies an Internet host site. |
| DOS (Disk Operating System) | See MS-DOS. |
| Dot-matrix printer | A printer that arranges printed dots to form characters and images. |
| Dot pitch | The distance between the centers of adjacent pixels on a display. |
| Download | The transmission of data from a remote computer to a local computer. |
| Downsizing | Used to describe the trend toward increased reliance on smaller computers for personal as well as enterprise-wide processing tasks. |
| Downstream rate | The data communications rate from server computer to client computer. |
| Downtime | The time during which a computer system is not operational. |
| Drag | A point-and-draw device procedure by which an object is moved or a contiguous area on the display is marked for processing. |
| Drag-and-drop software | Software that lets users drag ready-made shapes from application-specific stencils to the desired position on the drawing area to do drawings for flowcharting, landscaping, business graphics, and other applications. |
| Draw software | Software that enables users to create electronic images. Resultant images are stored as vector graphics images. |
| Driver | The software that enables interaction between the operating system and a specific peripheral device. |
| Driver module | The program module that calls other subordinate program modules to be executed as they are needed (also called a main program). |
| DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) | A digital telecommunications standard for data delivery over twisted-pair lines with downstream transmission speeds up to 9 M bps. |
| DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexor) | A device that communications companies use to multiplex DSL signals to/from the Internet. |
| DTP | See desktop publishing software. |
| Dual in-line memory module | See DIMM |
| DVD (digital video disc) | The successor technology to the CD-ROM that can store up to about 8.5 gigabytes per side. |
| DVD-R, DVD+R | The capability to record data to a DVD disc. (Contrast with CD-R.) |
| DVD-ROM | High-density read-only optical laser storage media. |
| DVD+RW, DVD-RW | Rewritable standards for high-capacity DVD, often available on the same unit. (Contrast with CD-RW.) |
| DVD-Video | DVD format for playing movies. |
| Dynamic IP address | A temporary Internet address assigned to a user by an ISP. |
| EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) | An 8-bit encoding system. |
| E-book | An electronic version of a book. |
| E-commerce (electronic commerce) | Business conducted online, primarily over the Internet. |
| E-commerce hosting services | A service that helps customers build and maintain their own e-commerce site. |
| EDI | See electronic data interchange. |
| Edutainment software | Software that combines education and entertainment. |
| Electronic commerce | See e-commerce. |
| Electronic data interchange (EDI) | The use of computers and data communications to transmit data electronically between companies. |
| Electronic dictionary | A disk-based dictionary used in conjunction with a spelling-checker program to verify the spelling of words in a word processing document. |
| Electronic document | See online document. |
| Electronic mail | A computer application whereby messages are transmitted via data communications to "electronic mailboxes" (also called e-mail). (Contrast with voice message switching.) |
| Electronic messaging | A workgroup computing application that enables electronic mail to be associated with other workgroup applications. |
| Electronic money (e-money) | A payment system in which all monetary transactions are handled electronically. |
| Electronic publishing (e-publishing) | The creation of electronic documents that are designed to be retrieved from disk storage and viewed. |
| Electronic ticket (e-ticket) | An electronic alternative to the traditional paper ticket for airlines, movies, and so on. |
| Electronic trading (e-trading) | Making online investments electronically through an online brokerage service. |
| Electronic wallet | An electronic version of a wallet/purse, which can be used to make online purchases. |
| See electronic mail. | |
| E-mail server | A host or network that services e-mail. |
| E-money | See electronic money. |
| Emoticons | Keyboard emotion icons used to speed written interaction and convey emotions in online communications. |
| Encode | To apply the rules of a code. (Contrast with decode.) |
| Encoding system | A system that permits alphanumeric characters and symbols to be coded in terms of bits. |
| Encryption | The encoding of data for security purposes. Encoded data must be decoded or deciphered to be used. |
| Enhanced television | A TV presentation combining video and general programming from broadcast, satellite, and cable networks. |
| Enterprise computing | Comprises all computing activities designed to support any type of organization. |
| Enterprise system | Information system that provides information and processing capabilities to workers throughout a given organization. |
| Entity relationship diagram | A business modeling tool used for defining the information needs of a business, including the attributes of the entities and the relationship between them. |
| EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) | A vector graphics file format used by the PostScript language. |
| Ergonomics | The study of the relationships between people and machines. |
| E-signature | An electronic method of placing a legal signature on an electronic document. |
| E-tailing | Online retailing. |
| Ethernet | A local-area-net protocol in which the nodes must contend for the right to send a message. (See also token access method.) |
| Ethernet card | An Ethernet-standard network interface card. |
| E-ticket | See electronic ticket. |
| E-time | See execution time. |
| E-trading | See electronic trading. |
| Exception report | A report that has been filtered to highlight critical information. |
| Execution time | The elapsed time it takes to execute a computer instruction and store the results (also called E-time). |
| Executive information system (EIS) | A system designed specifically to support decision making at the executive levels of management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels. |
| Exit routine | A software procedure that returns you to a GUI, an operating system prompt, or a higher-level applications program. |
| Expansion board | These add-on circuit boards contain the electronic circuitry for many supplemental capabilities, such as a fax modem, and are made to fit a particular type of bus (also called expansion cards). |
| Expansion bus | An extension of the common electrical bus that accepts the expansion boards that control the video display, disks, and other peripherals. (See also bus.) |
| Expansion card | See expansion board. |
| Expansion slots | Slots within the processing component of a microcomputer into which optional add-on circuit boards may be inserted. |
| Expert system | An interactive knowledge-based system that responds to questions, asks for clarification, makes recommendations, and generally helps users make complex decisions. (See also assistant system.) |
| Explorer | Windows software that enables the user to do file management tasks. |
| Export | The process of converting a file in the format of the current program to a format that can be used by another program. (Contrast with import.) |
| Extranet | An extension of an intranet such that it is partially accessible to authorized outsiders, such as customers and suppliers. (See also intranet.) |
| Extreme programming (XP) | A collaborative team approach to programming in which the team works together to write programs in iterative cycles. |
| E-zine | An online magazine. |
| Face recognition technology | A biometric technology that enables personal identification via a faceprint. |
| Facsimile (fax) | The transferring of images, usually of hard-copy documents, via telephone lines to another device that can receive and interpret the images. |
| FAQ | A frequently asked question. |
| Fault-tolerant | Referring to a computer system or network that is resistant to software errors and hardware problems. |
| Fax | See facsimile. |
| Fax modem | A modem that enables a PC to emulate a facsimile machine. (See also modem.) |
| Feedback loop | A closed loop in which a computer-controlled process generates data that become input to the computer. |
| Fiber optic cable | A data transmission medium that carries data in the form of light in very thin transparent fibers. |
| Field | The smallest logical unit of data. Examples are employee number, first name, and price. |
| File | (1) A collection of related records. (2) A named area on a disk-storage device that contains a program or digitized information (text, image, sound, and so on). |
| File allocation table (FAT) | Method of storing and keeping track of files on a disk. |
| File compression | A technique by which file size can be reduced. Compressed files are decompressed for use. |
| File format | The manner in which a file is stored on disk storage. |
| File server | A dedicated computer system with high-capacity disk for storing the data and programs shared by the users on a local area network. |
| File Transfer Protocol (FTP)[ | A communications protocol that is used to transmit files over the Internet. |
| Filtering | The process of selecting and presenting only that information appropriate to support a particular decision. |
| Filtering program | A program that denies Internet access to specified content. |
| Firewall | Software that is designed to restrict access to an organization's network or its Intranet. |
| FireWire | The Apple Computer Company name for the 1394 bus standard. |
| Fixed disk | See hard disk. |
| Flaming | A barrage of scathing messages from irate Internet users sent to someone who posts messages out of phase with the societal norms. |
| Flash memory | A type of nonvolatile memory that can be altered easily by the user. |
| Flat files | A file that does not point to or physically link with another file. |
| Flat-panel monitor | A monitor, thin from front to back, that uses liquid crystal and gas plasma technology. |
| Floating menu | A special-function menu that can be positioned anywhere on the work area until you no longer need it. |
| Floppy disk | See diskette. |
| Floppy disk drive | A disk drive that accepts either the 3.5-inch or 5.25-inch diskette. |
| FLOPS(floating point operations per second) | A measure of computer speed. |
| Flowchart | A diagram that illustrates data, information, and work flow via specialized symbols which, when connected by flow lines, portray the logic of a system or program. |
| Flowcharting | The act of creating a flowchart. |
| Folder | An object in a WindowsÆ graphical user interface that contains a logical grouping of related files and subordinate folders. |
| Font | A typeface that is described by its letter style, its height in points, and its presentation attribute. |
| Footprint | (1) The evidence of unlawful entry or use of a computer system. (2) The floor or desktop space required for a hardware component. |
| Foreground | (1) That part of RAM that contains the highest priority program. (2) In Windows, the area of the display containing the active window. (Contrast with background.) |
| Formatted | Reference to a disk that has been initialized with the recording format for a specific operating system. |
| Form factor | Refers to a computer's physical shape and size. |
| FORTRAN (Formula Translator) | A high-level programming language designed primarily for scientific applications. |
| Fourth-generation language (4GL) | A programming language that uses high-level English-like instructions to retrieve and format data for inquiries and reporting. |
| Frame | A rectangular area in a desktop publishing-produced document into which elements, such as text and images, are placed. |
| Frames (Web page) | The display of more than one independently controllable sections on a single Web page. |
| Freeware | Copyright software that can be downloaded and used free of charge. |
| Front-end applications software | Client software that performs processing associated with the user interface and applications processing that can be done locally. (See also back-end applications software.) |
| Full-duplex line | A communications channel that transmits data in both directions at the same time. (Contrast with half-duplex line.) |
| Function key | A special-function key on the keyboard that can be used to instruct the computer to perform a specific operation. |
| Functional specifications | Specifications that describe the logic of an information system from the user's perspective. |
| Gb | See gigabit. |
| GB | See gigabit. |
| General system design | That portion of the system development process in which the target system is defined in general. |
| Geosynchronous orbit | An orbit that permits a communications satellite to maintain a fixed position relative to the surface of the earth. |
| GFLOPS | A billion FLOPS. (See FLOPS.) |
| GIF | A popular format for bit-mapped files. |
| Gigabit (Gb) | One billion bits. |
| Gigabyte (GB) | One billion bytes. |
| Gigahertz (GHz) | Billions of clock cycles per second |
| GIGO | Garbage in, garbage out. |
| GPS (global positioning system) | A system that uses satellites to provide location information. |
| Graphical user interface (GUI) | A user-friendly interface that lets users interact with the system by pointing to processing options with a point-and-draw device. |
| Graphics adapter | A device controller that provides the electronic link between the motherboard and the monitor. |
| Graphics software | Software that enables you to create digital line drawings, art, and presentation graphics. |
| Gray scales | The number of shades of a color that can be presented on a monochrome monitor's screen or on a monochrome printer's output. |
| Green computing | Environmentally sensible computing. |
| Grid computing | Using available computing resources more effectively by tapping the unused processing capabilities of many PCs via a network and/or the Internet. |
| Groupware | Software whose application is designed to benefit a group of people. (Related to workgroup computing.) |
| Hacker | A computer enthusiast who uses the computer as a source of mischievous recreation. (Contrast with cracker.) The type of indentation where the first line in a paragraph is usually set at the left margin or left most indent, and all remaining lines in the paragraph are indented to some specific amount. Hanging indents are usually used with specific lists. |
| Half-duplex line | A communications channel that transmits data in one direction at the same time. (Contrast with full-duplex line.) |
| Handheld computer | Any personal computer than can be held comfortably in a person's hand (usually weighs less than a pound). (Also called pocket PC, palmtop PC, and personal digital assistant.) |
| Handshaking | The process by which both sending and receiving devices in a computer network maintain and coordinate data communications. |
| Hard copy | A readable printed copy of computer output. (Contrast with soft copy.) |
| Hard disk | A permanently installed, continuously spinning magnetic storage medium made up of one or more rigid disk platters. (Same as fixed disk; contrast with interchangeable disk.). |
| Hard disk drive | See hard disk. |
| Hardware | The physical devices that comprise a computer system. (Contrast with software.) |
| Help desk | A centralized location (either within an organization or outside of it) where computer-related questions about product usage, installation, problems, or services are answered. |
| Hexadecimal | A base-16 numbering system. |
| High-level language | A language with instructions that combine several machine-level instructions into one instruction. (Compare with machine language or low-level language.) |
| Hit | When a Web page is retrieved for viewing or is listed in results of a search. |
| Home network | A network of PCs in a home. |
| Home page | The Web page that is the starting point for accessing information at a site or in a particular area. |
| HomePlug | A feature that allows peripheral devices to be connected to or removed from a port while the PC is running. |
| Hoteling | Providing on-site office space that is a shared by mobile workers. |
| Hotkey | A seldom used key combination that, when activated, causes the computer to perform the function associated with the key combination. |
| HTML (HyperText Markup Language) | The language used to compose and format most of the content found on the Internet. |
| http (HyperText Transfer Protocol) | The primary access method for interacting with the Internet. |
| Hub | A common point of connection for computers and devices in a network. |
| Hyperlink | Clickable image or text phrase that lets you link to other parts of a document or to different documents together within a computer system or on the Internet. |
| I/O (input/output) | Input or output or both. |
| IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) | IBM's first personal computer (1981). This PC was the basis for PC-compatible computers. |
| Icons | Pictographs used in place of words or phrases on screen displays. |
| Identity theft | When a person gathers personal information to assume the identity of another person for illicit reasons. |
| Identity-based encryption | An encryption technology that converts the recipient's e-mail address into a number, which feeds a mathematical algorithm that completes the encryption process. |
| IEEE 802.11a | A Wi-Fi wireless communications standard capable of 11 M bps up to about 300 feet from an access point. |
| IEEE 802.11b | A Wi-Fi wireless communications standard capable of 54 M bps up to about 50 feet from an access point. |
| IEEE 802.11g | A Wi-Fi wireless communications standard capable of 54 M bps up to about 300 feet from an access point. |
| Image scanner | A device that can scan and digitize an image so that it can be stored on a disk and manipulated by a computer. |
| Import | The process of converting data in one format to a format that is compatible with the calling program. (Contrast with export.) |
| Industrial espionage | Theft of proprietary business information. |
| Industrial robot | Computer-controlled robots used in industrial applications. |
| Information | Data that have been collected and processed into a meaningful form. |
| Information-based decision | A decision that involves an ill-defined and unstructured problem. |
| Information repository | A central computer-based database for all system design information. |
| Information service | A commercial network that provides remote users with access to a variety of information services. |
| Information society | A society in which the generation and dissemination of information becomes the central focus of commerce. |
| Information superhighway | A metaphor for a network of high-speed data communication links that will eventually connect virtually every facet of our society. |
| Information system | A computer-based system that provides both data processing capability and information for managerial decision making. |
| Information technology (IT) | A collective reference to the integration of computing technology and information processing. |
| Information technology competency (IT competency) | Being able to interact with and use computers and having an understanding of IT issues. |
| Infrared port | See IrDA port. |
| Ink-jet printer | A nonimpact printer in which the print head contains independently controlled injection chambers that squirt ink droplets on the paper to form letters and images. |
| Input | Data entered to a computer system for processing. |
| Input/output (I/O)[ | A generic reference to input and/or output to a computer. |
| Input/output-bound application | An IT application in which the amount of work that can be performed by the computer system is limited primarily by the speeds of the I/O devices. |
| Instant messaging | Internet application in which personal communications are sent and displayed in real-time. |
| Instruction | A programming language statement that specifies a particular computer operation to be performed. |
| Instruction cycle | Defines the process by which computer instructions are interpreted and executed. |
| Instruction time | The elapsed time it takes to fetch and decode a computer instruction (also called I-time). |
| Integrated circuit (IC)[ | Thousands of electronic components that are etched into a tiny silicon chip in the form of a special-function electronic circuit. |
| Intelligent agent | Artificial intelligence-based software that has the authority to act on a person or thing's behalf. (Also called bots; see also shop bot.) |
| Interactive | Pertaining to online and immediate communication between the user and the computer. |
| Interchangeable disk | A disk that can be stored offline and loaded to the computer system as needed. (Contrast with hard disk or fixed disk.) |
| Intercompany networking | Companies cooperating with customers and other companies via electronic data interchange and extranets. (Contrast with intracompany networking.) |
| Internet (the Net) | A global network that connects more than tens of thousands of networks, millions of large multiuser computers, and tens of millions of users in more than one hundred countries. |
| Internet appliance | An inexpensive communications device for Internet applications. |
| Internet backbone | The major communications lines and nodes to which thousands of Internet host computers are connected. |
| Internet Protocol address | See IP address. |
| Internet Relay Chat (IRC) | An Internet protocol that allows users to join and participate in group chat sessions. |
| Internet service provider (ISP)[ | Any company that provides individuals and organizations with access to or presence on the Internet. |
| Interoperability | The ability to run software and exchange information in a multiplatform environment. |
| Interpreter | A program that translates source program instructions, one at a time, to a form that can be executed by a computer. Contrast with compiler.) |
| Intracompany networking | |
| Intranet | An Internet-like network whose scope is restricted to the networks within a particular organization. (See also extranet.) |
| Invoke | Execute a command or a macro. |
| IP address (Internet protocol address) | A four-number point-of-presence (POP) Internet address (for example, 206.28.104.10). |
| IRC | See Internet Relay Chat. |
| IrDA port | Enables wireless transmission of data via infrared light waves between PCs, printers, and other devices (also called infrared port). |
| ISP | See Internet service provider. |
| Itanium | High-end Intel processor. |
| IT competency | See information technology competency. |
| I-time | See instruction time. |
| Java | Platform-independent language used for Web-based applications. |
| Joystick | A vertical stick that moves the mouse pointer on a screen in the direction in which the stick is pushed. |
| JPEG, JPG | A bit-mapped file format that compresses image size. |
| Jukebox | A storage device for multiple sets of CD-ROMs, tape cartridges, or disk modules enabling ready access to vast amounts of online data. |
| Kb | See kilobit. |
| KB | See kilobyte. |
| Kernel | An operating system program that loads other operating system programs and applications programs to RAM as they are needed. |
| Keyboard | The field in a record that is used as an identifier for accessing, sorting, and collating records. |
| Key field | The field in a record that is used as an identifier for accessing, sorting, and collating records. |
| Keypad | That portion of a keyboard that permits rapid numeric data entry. |
| Kilobit (Kb) | 1024, or about 1000, bits. |
| Kilobyte (KB)[ | 1024, or about 1000, bytes. |
| Knowledge base | The foundation of a knowledge-based system that contains facts, rules, inferences, and procedures. |
| Knowledge-based system | A computer-based system, often associated with artificial intelligence, that helps users make decisions by enabling them to interact with a knowledge base. |
| Knowledge worker | Someone whose job function revolves around the use, manipulation, and dissemination of information. |
| Landscape | Referring to the orientation of the print on the page. Printed lines run parallel to the longer side of the page. (Contrast with portrait.) |
| LAN operating system | The operating system for a local area network. |
| LAN server | A high-end PC on a local area network whose resources are shared by other users on the LAN. |
| Laptop PC | Portable PC that can operate without an external power source. (Contrast with desktop PC and tower PC; see also pocket PC.) |
| Laser printer | A page printer that uses laser technology to produce the image. |
| Layout | A reference to the positioning of the visual elements on a display or page. |
| LCD projector | An output peripheral device that can project the screen image (display) onto a large screen for group viewing. |
| Leased line | See private line. |
| LindowsOS | A commercial Linux-based operating system for PCs that has a Windows-like interface. |
| Linux | An open source spinoff of the UNIX operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms and is made available for free over the Internet. |
| Listserv | A reference to an Internet mailing list. |
| LMDS | A fixed line-of-sight wireless technology designed to enable high-bandwidth "last mile" connectivity. |
| Load | To transfer programs or data from disk to RAM. |
| Local area network (LAN or local net)[ | A system of hardware, software, and communications channels that connects devices on the local premises. (Contrast with wide area network.) |
| Local bus | A bus that links expansion boards directly to the computer system's common bus |
| Local net | See local area network. |
| Logic bomb | A harmful set of instructions that are executed when a certain set of conditions is met. |
| Logical operators | AND, OR, and NOT operators can be used to combine relational expressions logically in spreadsheet, database, and other programs. (See also relational operators.) |
| Logical security | That aspect of computer-center security that deals with user access to systems and data. |
| Log off | The procedure by which a user terminates a communications link with a remote computer. (Contrast with logon.) |
| Logon | The procedure by which a user establishes a communications link with a remote computer. (Contrast with log off.) |
| Loop | A sequence of program instructions executed repeatedly until a particular condition is met. |
| Low-level language | A language comprising the fundamental instruction set of a particular computer. (Compare with high-level language.) |
| Machine cycle | The cycle of operations performed by the processor to process a single program instruction: fetch, decode, execute, and place result in memory. |
| Machine language | The programming language that is interpreted and executed directly by the computer. |
| Mac OS X | The operating system for the Apple family of microcomputers. |
| Macro | A sequence of frequently used operations or keystrokes that can be invoked to help speed user interaction with microcomputer productivity software. |
| Macro language | Programming languages whose instructions relate specifically to the functionality of the parent software. |
| Macro virus | A program written in the macro language of a particular application. |
| Magnetic disk | See disk, magnetic. |
| Magnetic disk drive | See disk drive, magnetic. |
| Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) | A data entry technique used primarily in banking. Magnetic characters are imprinted on checks and deposits, then scanned to retrieve the data. |
| Magnetic stripe | A magnetic storage medium for low-volume storage of data on badges and cards. (Related to badge reader.) |
| Magnetic tape | See tape, magnetic. |
| Magnetic tape cartridge | Cartridge-based magnetic tape storage media. |
| Magnetic tape drive | See tape drive, magnetic. |
| Mailing list | An Internet-based capability that lets people discuss issues of common interest via common e-mail. |
| Mail merge | A computer application in which text generated by word processing is merged with data from a database (e.g., a form letter with an address). |
| Main program | See driver module. |
| MAN | See Metropolitan Area Network. |
| Management information system (MIS)[ | A computer-based system that optimizes the collection, transfer, and presentation of information throughout an organization, through an integrated structure of databases and information flow. (Contrast with decision support system and executive information system.) |
| Markup language | A language such as HTML that uses codes within the context of text processing to describe what is to be done with a block of text or a named file. |
| Masquerading | An approach to unauthorized entry to a computer network where people acquire passwords and personal information that will enable them to masquerade as an authorized user. |
| Massively parallel processing (MPP) | An approach to the design of computer systems that involves the integration of thousands of microprocessors within a single computer. |
| Mass storage | Various techniques and devices used to hold and retain electronic data. |
| Master file | The permanent source of data for a particular computer application area. |
| Mb | See megabit. |
| MB | See megabyte. |
| Megabit (Mb) | 1,048,576, or about one million, bits. |
| Megabyte (MB)[ | 1,048,576, or about one million, bytes. |
| Megahertz (MHz)[ | One million hertz (cycles per second). |
| Memory | See RAM. |
| Menu | A display with a list of processing choices from which a user may select. |
| Message | A series of bits sent from a terminal to a computer, or vice versa. |
| Metafile (WMF) | A class of graphics that combines the components of raster and vector graphics formats. |
| Metropolitan area network (MAN) | A data network designed for use within the confines of a town or city. |
| MHz | See megahertz. |
| MICR | See magnetic-ink character recognition. |
| MICR reader-sorter | A scanning device that reads and sorts MICR documents. |
| Microcomputer (or micro) | A small computer. (See also PC.) |
| Micropayment | Electronic payment for goods and services in very small amounts. |
| Microprocessor | A computer on a single chip. The processing component of a microcomputer. |
| Microsecond | One millionth of a second. |
| Microsoft Network (MSN) | An information service provider sponsored by Microsoft Corporation. |
| Microwave signal | A high-frequency line-of-sight electromagnetic wave used in wireless communications. |
| MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) | An interface between PCs and electronic musical instruments, like the synthesizer. |
| MIDI file | A nonwaveform file result for MIDI applications. |
| Millisecond | One thousandth of a second. |
| MIPS | Millions of instructions per second. |
| MMDS | A fixed line-of-sight wireless technology designed to deliver network access at fiber-optic speeds. |
| Modem (modulator-demodulator) | A device used to convert computer-compatible signals to signals that can be transmitted over the telephone lines, then back again to computer signals at the other end of the line. |
| Monitor | A television-like display for soft-copy output in a computer system. |
| Moore's Law | The density of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 months. |
| Morphing | Using graphics software to transform one image into an entirely different image. The term is derived from the word metamorphosis. |
| Motherboard | A microcomputer circuit board that contains the microprocessor, electronic circuitry for handling such tasks as input/output signals from peripheral devices, and memory chips. |
| Mouse | A point-and-draw device that, when moved across a desktop a particular distance and direction, causes the same movement of the pointer on a screen. Mouse buttons are "clicked" to enable interaction with the system. |
| MP3 | A sound file format that enables CD-quality music to be compressed to about 8% of its original size while retaining CD sound quality. |
| MPEG | A video file format with the extension MPG or MPEG. |
| MPP | See massively parallel processing. |
| MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) | The pre-Windows PC operating system. |
| Multimedia | Computer application that involves the integration of text, sound, graphics, motion video, and animation. |
| Multiplatform environment | A computing environment that supports more than one platform. (See also platform.) |
| Multiplexor | A communications device that collects data from a number of low-speed devices, then transmits the combined data over a single communications channel. At the destination, it separates the signals for processing. |
| Multitasking | The concurrent execution of more than one program at a time. |
| Multiuser PC | A microcomputer that can serve more than one user at any given time. |
| Nanosecond | One billionth of a second. |
| National database | A central repository for all personal data for citizens. |
| National Information Infrastructure (NII) | Refers to a futuristic network of high-speed data communications links that eventually will connect virtually every facet of our society. (See also information superhighway.) |
| Native file format | The file format normally associated with a particular application. |
| Natural language | A programming language in which the programmer writes specifications without regard to the computer's instruction format or syntax—essentially, using everyday human language to program. |
| Netiquette | Etiquette on the Internet. |
| NET platform | A reference to a Microsoft computing environment that encompasses the operating system plus a suite of software tools and services that facilitates interaction between people, networked computers, applications, and the Internet. |
| Network access method | The set of rules by which networks determine usage priorities for a shared medium. |
| Network address | An electronic identifier assigned to each computer system and terminal/PC in a computer network. |
| Network administrator | A data communications specialist who designs and maintains local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). |
| Network bus | A common cable in a bus topology that permits the connection of terminals, peripheral devices, and microcomputers to create a computer network. |
| Network, computer | See computer network. |
| Network DBMS | A database management system whose data structures established relationships between its records. |
| Network interface card (NIC) | A PC expansion card or PCMCIA card that facilitates and controls the exchange of data between the PC and its network. |
| Network topology | The configuration of the interconnections between the nodes in a communications network. |
| Neural network | A field of artificial intelligence in which millions of chips (processing elements) are interconnected to enable computers to imitate the way the human brain works. |
| Newsgroup | The electronic counterpart of a wall-mounted bulletin board that enables Internet users to exchange ideas and information via a centralized message database. |
| Node | An endpoint in a computer network. |
| Nonvolatile memory | Solid-state RAM that retains its contents after an electrical interruption. (Contrast with volatile memory.) |
| Notebook PC | A notebook-size portable PC (also called laptop PC). |
| Numeric | A reference to any of the digits 0–9. (Compare with alpha and alphanumeric.) |
| Object | (1) In Windows: any item that can be individually selected and manipulated. (2) In OOP: a self-contained module that encapsulates data and the methods for manipulating the data. |
| Object linking and embedding | See OLE. |
| Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) | This system is able to handle the complex data structures needed in our increasingly multimedia world |
| Object-oriented language | A programming language structured to enable the interaction between user-defined concepts that contain data and operations to be performed on the data. |
| Object-oriented programming (OOP) | A form of software development in which programs are built with entities called objects, which model any physical or conceptual item. Objects are linked together in a top-down hierarchy. |
| Object program | A machine-level program that results from the compilation of a source program. (Compare with source program.) |
| Object/relational DBMS | An approach to database management which combines the best features of RDBMS and OODBMS. |
| OCR | See optical character recognition. |
| Offline | Pertaining to data that are not accessible by, or hardware devices that are not connected to, a computer system. (Contrast with online.) |
| OLE (object linking and embedding) | The software capability that enables the creation of a compound document that contains one or more objects from other applications. Objects can be linked or embedded. |
| Online | Pertaining to data and/or hardware devices accessible to and under the control of a computer system. (Contrast with offline.) |
| Online document | Documents that are designed to be retrieved from disk storage (locally or over a network) and viewed on a monitor. (Same as electronic document.) |
| Online transaction processing (OLTP) | An approach to processing where online transactions are recorded and entered as they occur. |
| Open application | A running application. |
| Open source software | Referring to software for which the actual source programming code is made available to users for review and modification. |
| Operating system | The software that controls the execution of all applications and system software programs. |
| Optical character recognition (OCR) | A data entry technique that permits original source data entry. Coded symbols or characters are scanned to retrieve the data. |
| Optical laser disc | See disc, optical laser. |
| Optical scanner | A peripheral device that can read written text and hard copy images, then translate the information into an electronic format that can be interpreted by and stored on computers. |
| Option buttons | Circle bullets in front of user options that when selected include a dot in the middle of the circle. |
| Output | The presentation of the results of processing. |
| Packet | Strings of bits that contain information and a network address that are routed over different paths on the Internet according to a specific communications protocol. |
| Page (Web) | The area in which information is presented on the World Wide Web. |
| Paint software | Software that enables users to "paint" electronic images. Resultant images are stored as raster graphics images. |
| Parallel conversion | An approach to system conversion whereby the existing system and the new system operate simultaneously prior to conversion. |
| Parallel port | A direct link with the microcomputer's bus that facilitates the parallel transmission of data, usually one byte at a time. |
| Parallel processing | A processing procedure in which one main processor examines the programming problem and determines what portions, if any, of the problem can be solved in pieces by other subordinate processors. |
| Parallel transmission | Pertaining to the transmission of data in groups of bits versus one bit at a time. (Contrast with serial transmission.) |
| Parameter | A descriptor that can take on different values. |
| Parity checking | A built-in checking procedure in a computer system to help ensure that the transmission of data is complete and accurate. (Related to parity error.) |
| Parity error | Occurs when a bit is dropped in the transmission of data from one hardware device to another. (Related to parity checking.) |
| Password | A word or phrase known only to the user. When entered, it permits the user to gain access to the system. |
| Patch | A modification of a program or an information system. |
| Path | The hierarchy of folders that lead to the location of a particular file. |
| Pattern recognition system | A device that enables limited visual input to a computer system. |
| PC (personal computer) | A small computer designed for use by an individual. (See also microcomputer.) |
| PC card | Same as PCMCIA card. |
| PCI local bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect) | Intel's local bus. (See also local bus.) |
| PCMCIA card | A credit-card-sized module that is inserted into a PCMCIA-compliant interface to offer add-on capabilities such as expanded memory, fax modem, and so on (also called PC card). |
| PC specialist | A person trained in the function and operation of PCs and related hardware and software. |
| PCX | A bit-mapped file format. |
| See portable document format. | |
| Peer-to-peer LAN | A local area network in which all PCs on the network are functionally equal. |
| Pen-based computing | Computer applications that rely on the pen-based PCs for processing capability. |
| Pen-based PC | A portable personal computer that enables input via an electronic pen in conjunction with a pressure-sensitive monitor/drawing surface. |
| PentiumÆ | An Intel microprocessor. |
| PentiumÆ II | Successor to the IntelÆ Pentium Pro microprocessor. |
| PentiumÆ III | Successor to the IntelÆ Pentium II microprocessor. |
| PentiumÆ 4 | Successor to the IntelÆ Pentium III microprocessor. |
| PentiumÆ Pro | Successor to the IntelÆ Pentium microprocessor. |
| Peripheral device | Any hardware device other than the processor. |
| Perl | A popular programming language for Web development. |
| Personal area network (PAN) | A connectivity concept that employs short-range, low-speed wireless technology to link an individual's personal world of electronics. |
| Personal computer (PC) | See PC. |
| Personal computing | A computing environment in which individuals use personal computers for domestic and/or business applications. |
| Personal digital assistant (PDA) | A handheld computer. |
| Personal home page | A Web site for an individual. |
| Personal identification number (PIN) | A code or number that is used in conjunction with a password to permit the user to gain access to a computer system. |
| Personal information management (PIM) system | Software application designed to help users organize random bits of information and to provide communications capabilities, such as e-mail and fax. |
| Phased conversion | An approach to system conversion whereby an information system is implemented one module at a time. |
| Photo illustration software | Software that enables the creation of original images and the modification of existing digitized images. |
| Physical security | That aspect of computer-center security that deals with access to computers and peripheral devices. |
| Picosecond | One trillionth of a second. |
| Picture element | See pixel. |
| Pilferage | A special case of software piracy whereby a company purchases a software product without a site-usage license agreement, then copies and distributes it throughout the company. |
| Pilot conversion | An approach to system conversion whereby the new system is implemented first in only one of the several areas for which it is targeted. |
| Pipelining | When a processor begins executing another instruction before the current instruction is completed, thus improving system throughput. |
| Pixel (picture element) | An addressable point on a display screen to which light can be directed under program control. |
| Platform | A definition of the standards by which software is developed and hardware is designed. |
| Plotter | A device that produces high-precision hard-copy graphic output. |
| Plug-and-play | Refers to making a peripheral device or an expansion board immediately operational by simply plugging it into a port or an expansion slot. |
| Plugin | A complementary application to an Internet browser. |
| PNG | A license-free bit-mapped file format, similar to GIF. |
| Pocket PC | A handheld computer. |
| Point-and-draw device | An input device, such as a mouse or trackpad, used to point to and select a particular user option and to draw. |
| Polling | A line-control procedure in which each terminal is "polled" in rotation to determine whether a message is ready to be sent. |
| POP (point-of-presence) | An access point to the Internet. |
| Pop-up menu | A menu that is superimposed in a window over whatever is currently being displayed on the monitor. |
| Port | An access point in a computer system that permits communication between the computer and a peripheral device. |
| Portable document | An electronic document that can be passed around the electronic world as you would a print document in the physical world. |
| Portable document format (PDF) | A standard, created by Adobe Corporation, creating portable documents. |
| Portable hard disk | External hard disk device that is easily connected to any PC. |
| Portal | A Web site or service that offers a broad array of Internet-based resources and services. |
| Portrait | Referring to the orientation of the print on the page. Printed lines run parallel to the shorter side of the page. (Contrast with landscape.) |
| Port replicator | A device to which a notebook PC can be readily connected to give the PC access to whatever external peripheral devices are connected to its common ports (keyboard, monitor, mouse, network, printer, and so on). |
| POTS | Short for plain old telephone service, the standard voice-grade telephone service common in homes and business. |
| PowerPC processor | A RISC-based processor used in Apple computers and other computers. |
| PPP (point-to-point protocol) | A method by which a dialup link is connected to an ISP's local POP. |
| Presentation software | Software used to prepare information for multimedia presentations in meetings, reports, and oral presentations. |
| Printer | A device used to prepare hard-copy output. |
| Print server | A LAN-based PC that handles LAN user print jobs and controls at least one printer. |
| Private line | A dedicated communications channel provided by a common carrier between any two points in a computer network. (Same as leased line.) |
| Procedure-oriented language | A high-level language whose general-purpose instruction set can be used to produce a sequence of instructions to model scientific and business procedures. |
| Processor | The logical component of a computer system that interprets and executes program instructions. |
| Processor-bound application | The amount of work that can be performed by the computer system is limited primarily by the speed of the computer. |
| Profiling | The examination and evaluation of personal data for the purpose of creating a personal profile. |
| Program | (1) Computer instructions structured and ordered in a manner that, when executed, causes a computer to perform a particular function. (2) The act of producing computer software. (Related to software.) |
| Programmer | One who writes computer programs. |
| Programmer/analyst | The title of one who performs both the programming and systems analysis function. |
| Programming | The act of writing a computer program. |
| Programming language | A language programmers use to communicate instructions to a computer. |
| Program register | The register that contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. |
| PROM (programmable read-only memory) | ROM in which the user can load read-only programs and data. |
| Prompt | A program-generated message describing what should be entered. |
| Proprietary software package | Vendor-developed software that is marketed to the public. |
| Protocols | See communications protocols. |
| Prototype system | A model of a full-scale system. |
| Prototyping | An approach to systems development that results in a prototype system. |
| Proxy server computer | A computer between the client PC and a actual server that handles many client requests before they reach the actual server. |
| Pseudocode | Nonexecutable program code used as an aid to develop and document structured programs. |
| Public-domain software | Software that is not copyrighted and can be used without restriction. |
| Public-key encryption | Communications-based encryption that requires a private key and a public key. |
| Pull technology | Technology where data are requested from another program or computer, such as with an Internet browser. (Contrast with push technology.) |
| Pumping and dumping | A scam where someone floods the Internet with bogus information about a particular company. |
| Push technology | Technology where data are sent automatically to an Internet user. (Contrast with pull technology.) |
| Query by example | A method of database inquiry in which the user sets conditions for the selection of records by composing one or more example relational expressions. |
| Query language | A user-friendly programming language for requesting information from a database. |
| QuickTime | Software that lets you view videos, listen to music, and view panoramas. |
| Radio frequency (RF) signals | Line-of-sight wireless data communications between radio transmitters and receivers. |
| RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) | An integrated system of disks that enables fault-tolerant hard disk operation. |
| RAM (Random-Access Memory) | The memory area in which all programs and data must reside before programs can be executed or data manipulated. |
| RAM disk | That area of RAM that facilitates disk caching. (See also disk caching.) |
| Random access | Direct access to records, regardless of their physical location on the storage medium. (Contrast with sequential access.) |
| Random-access memory | See RAM. |
| Random processing | Processing data and records randomly. (Contrast with sequential processing.) |
| Rapid application development (RAD) | Using sophisticated development tools to create a prototype or a functional information system. |
| Raster graphics | A method for maintaining a screen image as patterns of dots. (See also bit-mapped graphics.) |
| Read | The process by which a record or a portion of a record is accessed from the disk storage medium and transferred to RAM for processing. (Contrast with write.) |
| Read-only memory (ROM) | A memory chip with contents permanently loaded by the manufacturer for read-only applications. |
| Read/write head | That component of a disk drive or tape drive that reads from and writes to its respective storage medium. |
| Record | A collection of related fields (such as an employee record) describing an event or an item. |
| Register | A small high-speed storage area in which data pertaining to the execution of a particular instruction are stored. |
| Relational DBMS (RDBMS) | A database, made up of logically linked tables, in which data are accessed by content rather than by address. |
| Relational operators | Used in formulas to show the equality relationship between two expressions (= [equal to], < [less than], > [greater than], <= [less than or equal to], >= [greater than or equal to], <> [not equal to]). (See also logical operators.) |
| Resolution | Referring to the number of addressable points on a monitor's screen or the number of dots per unit area on printed output. |
| RGB monitor | Color monitors that mix red, green, and blue to achieve a spectrum of colors. |
| Ring topology | A computer network that involves computer systems connected in a closed loop, with no one computer system the focal point of the network. |
| RISC (reduced instruction set computer) | A computer design architecture based on a limited instruction set machine language. (Contrast with CISC.) |
| Robot | Computer-controlled mechanical devices capable of doing human-like tasks with machine-like precision. |
| Robotics | The field of study that deals with creating robots. |
| ROM (read-only memory) | RAM that can be read only, not written to. |
| Root directory | The directory at the highest level of a hierarchy of directories. |
| Router | Communications hardware that enables communications links between networks by performing the necessary protocol conversions. |
| Run | To open and execute a program. |
| Salami technique | An approach to electronic embezzlement that involves stealing very small amounts of money from a large number of legitimate accounts. |
| Scalable system | A system whose design permits expansion to handle any size database or any number of users. |
| Scalable typeface | An outline-based typeface from which fonts of any point size can be created. (See also typeface.) |
| ScanDisk | A Windows utility program that enables the repair of lost clusters on a hard disk. |
| Scanner | A device that scans hard copy and digitizes the text and/or images to a format that can be interpreted by a computer. |
| Scavenging | Searching for discarded information that may be of some value on the black market. |
| Schema | A graphic representation of the logical structure of a network database. |
| Screen name | Another name for user ID at logon. |
| Screen saver | A utility program used to change static screens on idle monitors to interesting dynamic displays. |
| Script | A small scripting language program downloaded with a Web page and run on the client PC. |
| Scripting language | A programming language for creating scripts. |
| Scrolling | Using the cursor keys to view parts of a document that extend past the bottom or top or sides of the screen. |
| SCSI bus | A device interface to which up to 15 peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single SCSI port. |
| SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) | RAM that is able to synchronize itself with the processor enabling high-speed transfer of data to/from the processor. |
| Search engine | An Internet resource discovery tool that lets people find information by keyword(s) searches. |
| Sector | A disk-storage concept of a pie-shaped portion of a disk or diskette in which records are stored and subsequently retrieved. (Contrast with cylinder.) |
| Sector organization | Magnetic disk organization in which the recording surface is divided into pie-shaped sectors. |
| Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) | A protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. |
| Sequential access | Accessing records in the order in which they are stored. (Contrast with random access.) |
| Sequential processing | Processing of files that are ordered numerically or alphabetically by a key field. (Contrast with random processing.) |
| Serial port | A direct link with the microcomputer's bus that facilitates the serial transmission of data. |
| Serial representation | The storing of bits, one after another, on a storage medium. |
| Serial transmission | Pertaining to processing data one bit at a time. (Contrast with parallel transmission.) |
| Server application | (1) An application running on a network server that works in tandem with a client workstation or PC application. (See also client application.) (2) In object linking and embedding, the application in which the linked object originates. |
| Server computer | Any type of computer, from a PC to a supercomputer, that performs a variety of functions for its client computers, including the storage of data and applications software. (See also client computer.) |
| Server program | A software program on the server computer that manages resources and can work in conjunction with a client program. (See also client program.) |
| Set | A relationship between records in a network database schema. |
| Shareware | Copyrighted software that can be downloaded for free, with its use based on an honor pay system. |
| Shop bot | An intelligent agent that automatically scans Internet e-tailers for the best prices for a desired product. |
| Shortcut key | A key combination that chooses a menu option without the need to display a menu. |
| SIMM (single in-line memory module) | A small circuit board, capable of holding several memory chips, that has a 32-bit data path and can be easily connected to a PC's motherboard. (Contrast with DIMM.) |
| Site license | A legal agreement that permits use a software package by a specific number of users. |
| Smalltalk | An object-oriented language. |
| Smart card | A card or badge with an embedded microprocessor. |
| Soft copy | Temporary output that can be interpreted visually, as on a monitor. (Contrast with hard copy.) |
| Soft keyboard | A keyboard displayed on a touch-sensitive screen such that when a displayed key is touched with a finger or stylus, the character or command is sent to memory for processing. |
| Software | The programs used to direct the functions of a computer system. (Contrast with hardware; related to program.) |
| Software engineer | A person who develops software products to bridge the gap between design and executable program code. |
| Software engineering | A term coined to emphasize an approach to software development that embodies the rigors of the engineering discipline. |
| Software package | One or more programs designed to perform a particular processing task. |
| Software piracy | The unlawful duplication of proprietary software. (Related to pilferage.) |
| Software portfolio | The mix of software on a PC. |
| Software suite | An integrated collection of software tools that may include a variety of business applications packages. |
| Sort | The rearrangement of fields or records in an ordered sequence by a key field. |
| Source data | Original data that usually involve the recording of a transaction or the documenting of an event or an item. |
| Source-data automation | Entering data directly to a computer system at the source without the need for key entry transcription. |
| Source document | The original hard copy from which data are entered. |
| Source program | The code of the original program (also called source code). (Compare with object program.) |
| Spam | Unsolicited junk e-mail. |
| Speech-recognition technology | A combination of hardware and software technology that enables voice input to a computer system. |
| Speech synthesis system | A system that converts raw data into electronically produced speech. |
| Spreadsheet software | Refers to software that permits users to work with rows and columns of data. |
| SQL | A type of query language. |
| Star topology | A computer network that involves a centralized host computer connected to a number of smaller computer systems. |
| Stop bits | A data communications parameter that refers to the number of bits in the character or byte. |
| Streaming audio | Internet-based audio that is received and played in a steady, continuous stream. |
| Streaming video | Internet-based video that is received and played in a steady, continuous stream. |
| Structure chart | A chart that graphically illustrates the conceptualization of an information system as a hierarchy of modules. |
| Structured system design | A systems design technique that encourages top-down design. |
| Stylus | A pen-like point-and-draw device. |
| Subroutine | A group or sequence of instructions for a specific programming task that is called by another program. |
| Supercomputer | The category that includes the largest and most powerful computers. |
| SuperDisk | A disk-storage technology that supports very high-density diskettes. |
| Switched line | A telephone line used as a regular data communications channel (also called dialup line). |
| Synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) | See SDRAM. |
| Synchronous transmission | A communications protocol in which the source and destination points operate in timed alignment to enable high-speed data transfer. (See also asynchronous transmission.) |
| Syntax | The rules that govern the formulation of the instructions in a computer program. |
| System | Any group of components (functions, people, activities, events, and so on) that interface with and complement one another to achieve one or more predefined goals. |
| System bus | An electrical pathway through which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and all peripheral devices. |
| System development life cycle (SDLC) | An approach to system development in which the project team works sequentially through these phases until project completion: review of current system, systems analysis and design, system development, conversion, and implementation. |
| System life cycle | A reference to the four stages of a computer-based information system-birth, development, production, and end-of-life. |
| System maintenance | The process of modifying an information system to meet changing needs. |
| System programmer | A programmer who develops and maintains system programs and software. |
| System prompt | A visual prompt to the user to enter a system command. |
| Systems analysis | The examination of an existing system to determine input, processing, and output requirements for the target system. |
| Systems analyst | A person who does systems analysis. |
| System software | Software that is independent of any specific applications area. |
| System specifications (specs) | Information system details that include everything from the functionality of the system to the format of the system's output screens and reports. |
| Systems testing | A phase of testing where all programs in a system are tested together. |
| System unit | An enclosure containing the computer system's electronic circuitry and various storage devices. |
| T-1 line | A high-speed digital link to the Internet (1.544 M bps). |
| T-3 line | A high-speed digital link to the Internet (44.736 M bps). |
| Tape backup unit (TBU) | A magnetic tape drive designed to provide backup for data and programs. |
| Tape drive, magnetic | The hardware device that contains the read/write mechanism for the magnetic tape storage medium. (Compare with disk drive, magnetic.) |
| Tape, magnetic | A storage medium for sequential data storage and backup. |
| Target system | A proposed information system that is the object of a systems development effort. |
| Task | The basic unit of work for a processor. |
| Taskbar | In a Windows session, the bar shows what programs are running and available for use. |
| TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) | A set of communications protocols developed by the Department of Defense to link dissimilar computers across many kinds of networks. |
| Telecommunications | The collection and distribution of the electronic representation of information between two points. |
| Telecommuting | "Commuting" via a communications link between home and office. |
| Tele-immersion | A virtual reality concept that enables people in remote locations to interact with one another as if they were sharing the same space. |
| Telemedicine | Describes any type of health care administered remotely over communication links. |
| Telephony | The integration of computers and telephones. |
| Template | A model for a particular microcomputer software application. |
| Terabyte (TB) | About one trillion bytes. |
| Terminal | Any device capable of sending and receiving data over a communications channel. |
| Terminal emulation mode | The software transformation of a PC so that its keyboard, monitor, and data interface emulate that of a terminal. |
| Text cursor | A symbol controlled by the arrow keys that shows the location of where the next keyed-in character will appear on the screen. |
| Text-to-speech software | Software that reads text and produces speech. |
| Thin client | A networked workstation that depends on a server computer for much of its processing and for permanent storage. |
| Thread (newsgroup) | An original Internet newsgroup message and any posted replies to that message. |
| Throughput | A measure of computer system efficiency; the rate at which work can be performed by a computer system. |
| Throwaway system | An information system developed to support information for a one-time decision, then discarded. |
| Thumbnail | A miniature display of an image or a page to be viewed or printed. |
| TIF, TIFF | A bit-mapped file format often used in print publishing. |
| Tiled windows | Two or more windows displayed on the screen in a nonoverlapping manner. |
| Toggle | The action of pressing a single key on a keyboard to switch between two or more modes of operation, such as insert and replace. |
| Token access method | A local-area-net protocol in which an electronic token travels around a network giving priority transmission rights to nodes. (See also Ethernet.) |
| Toolbar | A group of rectangular graphics in a software packages user interface that represent a frequently used menu option or a command. |
| Top-level domain (TLD) | The highest level in the Internet URL (com, org, edu, and so on). |
| Touch-screen monitors | Monitors with touch-sensitive screens that enable users to choose from available options simply by touching the desired icon or menu item with their finger. |
| Tower PC | A PC that includes a system unit that is designed to rest vertically. (Contrast with laptop PC and desktop PC.) |
| Trackball | A ball mounted in a box that, when moved, results in a similar movement of the mouse pointer on a display screen. |
| Track, disk | That portion of a magnetic disk-face surface that can be accessed in any given setting of a single read/write head. Tracks are configured in concentric circles. |
| Trackpad | A point-and-draw device with no moving parts that includes a touch-sensitive pad to move the mouse pointer or cursor. |
| Trackpoint | A point-and-draw device that functions like a miniature joystick, but is operated with the tip of the finger. |
| Tracks per inch (TPI) | A measure of the recording density, or spacing, of tracks on a magnetic disk. |
| Transaction | A procedural event in a system that prompts manual or computer-based activity. |
| Transaction file | A file containing records of data activity (transactions); used to update the master file. |
| Transmission medium | The central cable along which terminals, peripheral devices, and microcomputers are connected in a bus topology. |
| Transparent | A reference to a procedure or activity that occurs automatically and does not have to be considered by the user. |
| Trap door | A Trojan horse that permits unauthorized and undetected access to a computer system. |
| Trojan horse | A virus that masquerades as a legitimate program. |
| TSR (terminate-and-stay-resident) | Programs that remain in memory so they can be instantly popped up over the current application by pressing a hotkey. |
| Tunneling | The technology where one network uses the channels of another network to send its data. |
| Turnaround document | A computer-produced output that is ultimately returned to a computer system as a machine-readable input. |
| Twisted-pair wire | A pair of insulated copper wires twisted around each other for use in transmission of telephone conversations and for cabling in local area networks. |
| Typeface | A set of characters that are of the same type style. |
| Unicode | A 16-bit encoding system. |
| Uniform Resource Locator (URL) | An Internet address for locating Internet elements, such as server sites, documents, files, bulletin boards (newsgroups), and so on. |
| Uninterruptible power source (UPS) | A buffer between an external power source and a computer system that supplies clean, continuous power. |
| Unit testing | That phase of testing in which the programs that make up an information system are tested individually. |
| Universal product code (UPC) | A 10-digit machine-readable bar code placed on consumer products. |
| Universal Serial Bus (USB) | A bus standard that permits up to 127 peripheral devices to be connected to an external bus. |
| UNIX | A multiuser operating system. |
| Upload | The transmission of data from a local computer to a remote computer. |
| Upstream rate | The data communications rate from client computer to server computer. |
| Uptime | That time when the computer system is in operation. |
| URL | See uniform resource locator. |
| USB 2.0 | A second generation USB standard that is 40 times faster than the original. |
| USB hub | A device that expands the number of available USB ports. |
| USB port (Universal Serial Bus port) | A high-speed device interface to which up to 127 peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single USB port. |
| USENET | A worldwide network of servers, often hosting newsgroups that can be accessed over the Internet. |
| User | The individual providing input to the computer or using computer output. |
| User ID | A unique character string that is entered at logon to a network to identify the user during personal communications and to the server computer. (See also screen name.) |
| User interface | A reference to the software, method, or displays that enable interaction between the user and the software being used. |
| User liaison | A person who serves as the technical interface between the information services department and the user group. |
| User name | Same as user ID. |
| Utility program | System software program that can assist with the day-to-day chores associated with computing and maintaining a computer system. |
| Vaccine | An antiviral program. |
| VDT (video display terminal) | A terminal on which printed and graphic information are displayed on a television-like monitor and into which data are entered on a typewriter-like keyboard. |
| Vector graphics | A method for maintaining a screen image as patterns of lines, points, and other geometric shapes. |
| VGA (video graphics array) | A circuit board that enables the interfacing of very high-resolution monitors to microcomputers. |
| Video capture card | An expansion card that enables full-motion color video with audio to be captured and played on a monitor or stored on disk. |
| Video display terminal | See VDT. |
| Video editing software | Software that facilitates the manipulation of video images. |
| Video file | This file contains digitized video frames that when played rapidly produce motion video. |
| Video operator's distress syndrome (VODS) | Headaches, depression, anxiety, nausea, fatigue, and irritability that result from prolonged interaction with a terminal or PC. |
| Video RAM (VRAM) | RAM on the graphics adapter. |
| Videophone | An Internet-based capability that permits two parties to both see and hear one another during a conversation. |
| Virtual file allocation table (VFAT) | WindowsÆ method for storing and keeping track of files on a disk. |
| Virtual machine | The processing capabilities of one computer system created through software (and sometimes hardware) in a different computer system. |
| Virtual marketplace | A generic reference to the whole of Internet-based retailing. |
| Virtual memory | The effective expansion of the capacity of RAM through the use of software and hard disk storage. |
| Virtual private network (VPN) | A private network over the Internet. |
| Virtual reality (VR) | An artificial environment made possible by hardware and software. |
| Virtual world | An environment that is simulated by hardware and software. |
| Visual Basic | A visual programming language. |
| Visual C # | A visual programming language based on C. |
| Visual programming | An approach to program development that relies more on visual association with tools and menus than with syntax-based instructions. |
| Voice message switching | Using computers, the telephone system, and other electronic means to store and forward voice messages. (Contrast with electronic mail.) |
| Voice-response system | A device that enables output from a computer system in the form of user-recorded words, phrases, music, alarms, and so on. |
| Volatile memory | Solid-state semiconductor RAM in which the data are lost when the electrical current is turned off or interrupted. (Contrast with nonvolatile memory.) |
| VPN | See virtual private network. |
| WAN | See wide area network. |
| Wand scanner | A handheld OCR scanner. |
| Wave file | A Windows sound file. |
| Wearable display | A display that is worn on a wireless headset. |
| Wearable PC | A small personal computer that is worn. |
| Web | See World Wide Web. |
| Web application developer | A person responsible for creating and maintaining one or more Internet sites. |
| Webcam | A digital video camera that sends still and video imagery over the Internet. |
| Webcast | The broadcasting of real-time audio and/or video streams over the Internet. |
| Web hosting company | A company that hosts individual and corporate Web sites on their Internet servers for a fee. |
| Webmaster | An individual who manages a Web site. |
| Web page | A document on the Web that is identified by a unique URL. |
| Web page design software | A Web site authoring system. |
| Whiteboarding | An area on a display screen that permits a document or image to be viewed and worked on simultaneously by several users on the network. |
| Wide area network (WAN) | A computer network that connects nodes in widely dispersed geographic areas. (Contrast with local area network.) |
| Wi-Fi | A generic reference to the any IEEE 802.11 communications standard. |
| Window | A rectangular section of a display screen that is dedicated to a specific document, activity, or application. |
| WindowsÆ | A generic reference to all Microsoft Windows operating system products. |
| WindowsÆ application | An application that conforms to the Windows standards for software and operates under the Microsoft Windows platform. |
| Windows CE .NET | A Microsoft operating system that is designed for handheld, pocket PCs, and other small-footprint devices |
| WindowsÆ 95 | An operating system by Microsoft Corporation. |
| WindowsÆ 98 | An operating system by Microsoft Corporation (the successor to Windows 95). |
| WindowsÆ 2000 | A 32-bit operating system by Microsoft Corporation (successor to Windows NT). |
| Windows 2003 Server | The server-side portion of the Windows XP operating system. |
| Windows Me (Millennium Edition) | A consumer-oriented operating system by Microsoft Corporation (the successor to Windows 98). |
| WindowsÆ NT | A 32-bit operating system by Microsoft Corporation. |
| WindowsÆ terminal | An intelligent terminal that can run Windows operating systems, but is not designed for stand-alone operation. |
| Windows XP | An 32-bit operating system by Microsoft Corporation (successor to Windows 2000). |
| Windows XP 64-Bit Edition | A 64-bit version of Windows XP. |
| Windows XP Home Edition | The client-side operating system for home and small business. |
| Windows XP Professional Edition | The client-side operating system for businesses. |
| Wintel PC | A personal computer using a Microsoft WindowsÆ operating system in conjunction with an IntelÆ or Intel-compatible processor. |
| Wireless LAN PC card | A device to enable a wireless link between a PC and a LAN. |
| Wireless transceiver | Short for transmitter-receiver, a device that both transmits and receives data via high-frequency radio waves. |
| Wizard | A utility within an application that helps you use the application to perform a particular task. |
| MF (Windows metafile) | A popular format for metafiles. |
| Word | (1) For a given computer, an established number of bits that are handled as a unit (bus width). (2) Word processing component of Microsoft Office. |
| Word processing software | Software that uses the computer to enter, store, manipulate, and print text. |
| Workgroup computing | Computer applications that involve cooperation among people linked by a computer network. (Related to groupware.) |
| Workspace | The area in a window below the title bar or menu bar containing everything that relates to the application noted in the title bar. |
| Workstation | A high-performance single-user computer system with sophisticated input/output devices that can be easily networked with other workstations or computers. |
| World Wide Web (the Web, WWW, W3) | An Internet server that offers multimedia and hypertext links. |
| Worm | A virus that invades computers via e-mail and IRC. |
| WORM disk (write-once read-many disk) | An optical laser disc that can be read many times after the data are written to it, but the data cannot be changed or erased. |
| Write | To record data on the output medium of a particular I/O device (tape, hard copy, PC display). (Contrast with read.) |
| WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) | A software package in which what is displayed on the screen is very similar in appearance to what you get when the document is printed. |
| XHTML | The new standard for Web page development, replacing HTML. |
| Yahoo! | An Internet portal. |
| Year 2000 problem (Y2K) | An information systems problem brought on by the fact that many legacy information systems still treat the year field as two digits (98) rather than four (1998). |
| Zip disk | The storage medium for Zip drives. (Contrast with SuperDisk.) |
| Zip drive | A storage device that uses optical technology together with magnetic technology to read and write to an interchangeable floppy-size 100, 250, or 750 MB Zip disks. |
| Zip file | A popular file compression format. |
| Zoned recording | Disk recording scheme where zones contain a greater number of sectors per track as you move from the innermost zone to the outermost zone. |
| Zoom | An integrated software command that expands a window to fill the entire screen. |