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Chapter 3 |
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| A: Drive | The A: drive—also called the floppy drive—is a device that reads from a reusable magnetic storage medium called a floppy disk. Because the capacity of a floppy disk is often insufficient for many files and projects, floppy disks are becoming outmoded and are often not included as a standard component of new computer systems. |
| absolute reference | An absolute reference is a cell address that does not change, even if it is included in a formula that is copied elsewhere. |
| access time | The access time is the average time lapsing between initiating a request to retrieve a data file from disk and obtaining the first character of the file. It includes the time it takes to move the read/write head to the required disk track, and the time it takes the disk to rotate to the required sector. |
| active scripting | Active scripting languages make web pages active, or dynamic. An active web page might update the date and time or create scrolling text. |
| America Online | America Online (AOL) is the world's largest online information service, with more than 35 million customers. It provides access to the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and a variety of databases and online services. |
| antivirus | An antivirus program scans computer systems and files for evidence of known viruses that have attached themselves to executable programs. Computer users must periodically download new virus definitions to maintain effective virus protection. |
| antivirus software | Antivirus software searches a computer system for computer viruses, removing any that are found. it. |
| applet | An applet is a program that is executed from within another application. |
| ARPAnet | ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) began in 1969 as a computer network advancing communication between government and scientific organizations. After several transitions in name and purpose, the network is now managed by commercial Internet service providers. ARPAnet was the forerunner of the current Internet. |
| Asymmetric DSL | ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a type of DSL usage that provides fast downloading, but slower uploading. |
| attachment | An attachment is a file that has been linked to an e-mail message so that they travel together to their destination. Any type of file can be attached, such as a document, photograph, or spreadsheet. |
| background | The background is the base color, or image, displayed on the desktop (behind the icons). The background only appears on the desktop, not on open windows. |
| Backup | A backup file is a copied file on a different storage media. The backup file can be used to restore a file if the original copy becomes damaged or unusable. |
| backup utility | A backup utility is a program that copies files to another storage medium so that they can be recovered if the original storage device fails. |
| backward compatible | Software is backward compatible if it can use files created with an older version of the same program. |
| Basic Rate Interface | Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is Integrated Services Digital Network's basic service, which is comprised of several data communication channels. When all channels are combined into one, the total data rate is 128 Kbps, which is four and one-half times faster than a 28.8 Kbps dial-up modem. |
| bitmap graphics | Bitmap graphics is a category of graphics that includes such graphic formats as GIF, BMP, JPG, and TIF. Also known as raster graphics, bitmap graphics represents a picture image as a series of dots. |
| BMP | BMP is the standard Windows bitmap graphics format. It is color-rich, detailed, and often used for Windows backgrounds or wallpaper. It also results in very large files. |
| bookmark | A bookmark—sometimes called a favorite—is a stored URL address for quick retrieval at a later date. As you visit web pages, and find favorites that you would like to visit later, you can save the URL as a bookmark. To get to the page later, select the URL from the list of bookmarks. |
| booting | Booting is the process of starting a computer. The name comes from the phrase, "to pull yourself up by your bootstraps. " |
| broadband | Broadband is high-speed data transmission, approximating that of a T1 line. Internet access through cable modems and DSL is often referred to as broadband. |
| browser | Short for web browser, a browser is software that displays the Internet on your computer. To move to other web sites, you can type the URL (address) of any web site in the browser's address bar. The two most popular browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Some online service providers, such as AOL, incorporate a browser into the interface, so that you don't need a separate browser. |
| burst mode | A digital camera can include a burst mode, which allows the camera to take several pictures in a row by holding down the shutter button. |
| byte | A byte is a unit of measurement based on the binary system, representing one character. The capacity of memory and storage devices is measured in bytes. |
| cable modem | A cable modem connects a computer to a cable TV service that provides Internet access. Cable modems provide an always-online Internet connection that is much faster than dialup access. Data communication speed varies, depending on how many customers share a cable segment. |
| camera resolution | Camera resolution is the number of pixels making up an image. The higher the resolution, the more detailed the image. |
| cascade | When more than one window is open, the windows can be displayed in a cascade format, with open windows overlapping each other in an orderly arrangement. |
| CD-ROM | A CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) disk is a form of optical storage, capable of holding up to 1 GB. A CD-ROM can be read from, but not written to. |
| CD-R | A CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) disk is a form of optical storage that can be written to one time and read from many times. Once data is written to a CD-R, it cannot be erased. |
| CD-RW | A CD-RW (Compact Disk-ReWritable) disk is a form of optical storage that can be read from and written to many times. |
| cell address | A cell address refers to the location of a cell within a spreadsheet. The column and row indicators, such as A1 or D15, designate the address. |
| cell pointer | The cell pointer is the dark border surrounding the active cell in a spreadsheet. |
| cell reference | See cell address |
| chart sheet | When you create a chart in Excel you can choose to have the chart created on a separate worksheet from the one containing the charted data. This second worksheet is called a chart sheet. |
| clip art | Clip art is images, saved as graphic files that can be used to illustrate documents or projects. Clip art is available either as shareware or for purchase. |
| clipboard | The clipboard is a reserved section of computer memory that temporarily holds items or sections of text until they are transferred to other applications. You can use cut, copy, and paste functions to move data into and out of the clipboard. |
| closing a window | To close a window, click the close button—it has a picture of an X on it—found at the upper right side of a window. When you close a window it is removed from memory as well as from the screen. |
| column headings | Column headings are the letters found in the gray area at the top of a worksheet. |
| communications program | A communications program is software that manages the transmission of data between computers. |
| CompuServe | CompuServe is an online information service that provides Internet access as well as e-mail and instant messaging. AOL acquired CompuServe in 1998. Whereas AOL targets the home computer user, CompuServe includes features attractive to the professional business user. |
| computer virus | A computer virus is software that is purposely written to damage computer files or to annoy computer users. Viruses are often disguised within other programs. |
| contents pane | The contents pane is displayed on the right side of the Windows Explorer window, showing all the subfolders and files contained in the currently selected folder. |
| context menu | A context menu appears when you right-click an on-screen object or area. The options displayed on a context menu are completely dependent upon the object or area of the screen that a user right-clicks. |
| control menu icon | The control menu icon is the small icon found at the far left side of all title bars. Clicking the control menu icon causes a control menu to appear. cookies — A cookie is a data file that is stored on a user's computer either temporarily or permanently. Cookies are created by Web servers and serve to identify users and keep track of their preferences. Cookies sometimes remember passwords so that a user doesn't have to reenter them when he or she returns to the Web sites later. |
| copy | Items or text can be copied to the clipboard, where they remain until they are pasted or until other copied items replace them. |
| copyleft | A copyleft is a license that accompanies some types of software giving the right to use and modify the software and requiring that the same licensing stipulation is available to anyone who obtains the software. |
| copyright | Based on the Constitution, a copyright is the legal protection granted to literary works, music, and computer programs, making it illegal to reproduce them without permission. |
| CP/M | CP/M is an operating system created by Gary Kildall of Digital Research in the early 1980's. It is the operating system adopted by IBM for its IBM PC. |
| CPU | The central processing unit (CPU) is the controller of a computer system, interpreting and acting on program instructions. It is sometimes simply called the processor. |
| crawler | A crawler is a program that searches for information on the Internet. It follows links from server to server and indexes information based on a search criteria specified by a computer user. Crawlers are also known as spiders, ants, robots (bots), and intelligent agents. |
| crippleware | Crippleware is a variation of shareware in which software is available free of charge, but the software becomes inactive after a specified number of days. Some advanced features may not be available at all until you pay a fee to the author. |
| cut | Selected data or items can be cut from an original document or project and placed in the clipboard, where the items will remain until pasted to another application or until another set of data replaces them. The difference between a copy and a cut is that a copy retains the duplicated data in the original location whereas a cut removes the original data when it is placed in the clipboard. |
| cybersquatting | Cybersquatting is registering an Internet domain name for the purpose of reselling it for a profit. The Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act enables trademark holders to obtain civil damages up to $100,000 from cybersquatters that register their trade names as domain names. |
| D: Drive | The D: drive is usually the disk drive that reads from a CD or DVD. |
| database | A database is a set of related files stored electronically on a computer storage medium. |
| Database Management System (DBMS) | A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that facilitates the creation, organization, retrieval, and security of electronic records. |
| database software | Database software serves as an electronic filing cabinet, making it possible to record, update, and retrieve records. |
| data file | A data file is created by a user when working with an application program. A data file can contain just about any type of information, such as documents, spreadsheets, or photographs. |
| data point | The data selected for inclusion in an Excel chart is called a data series. |
| data series | The Database window shows users the many tables, queries, forms, reports, pages, macros, and modules in Access. |
| datasheet | A datasheet is a tabular format in which data is arranged in a series of columns and rows. |
| design template | A design template is a pre-designed presentation format, including fonts, bullets, colors, and a background. |
| desktop | The desktop is the on-screen background with icons, found with graphical user interfaces that are included in such operating systems as Windows and Macintosh. |
| desktop computer | A desktop computer is a microcomputer in which all components, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit, easily fit on or under a desk. |
| desktop publishing | Desktop publishing is using a personal computer to produce high quality or camera-ready printed output. Desktop publishing software, a microcomputer, and a high-quality printer are all components of a desktop publishing system. |
| dial-up modem | New computers typically come equipped with a dial-up modem, which is a device that allows a computer to transmit data over a standard telephone line. A dial-up modem (simply called a modem) converts digital computer information to analog signals that a telephone is equipped to transmit. At the receiving end, a modem converts analog signals to digital. |
| dialog box | A dialog box is a special-purpose window that is displayed in response to a user selecting a menu option. A dialog box is designed to provide the current status of a program or operation and to accept input or directions from a user. |
| digital camera | A digital camera is a device that records images digitally so that you can download them to a computer and use a graphics program to manipulate and print them. |
| digital (interpolated) resolution | Digital resolution is based on a software algorithm (program) that makes an image look as if it were created at a higher resolution. Digital resolution is higher than optical resolution, and can be used to significantly improve the image. |
| digital signature | A digital signature is an electronic encryption that ensures that the file originated with the entity signing it and that it was not tampered with after the signature was applied. |
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) | DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology that increases the digital capacity of telephone lines. DSL is only available to those people within a certain distance of a telephone switching station. |
| digital zoom | Digital zoom is a feature of a digital camera that crops parts of the image that should be out of view, effectively making the picture subject appear larger. Digital zoom uses software to simulate a range of focal lengths. |
| Disk Cleanup | Disk Cleanup is a utility program that removes files from the Recycle Bin (the temporary holding area for deleted files), deletes temporary Internet files, and compresses old files. |
| disk drive | A disk drive is a device that reads data from and writes data to a disk, such as a floppy disk, hard disk, CD, or DVD. |
| disk scanner | A disk scanner is an error-checking utility that examines a disk, determining whether the disk is reliable and identifying any areas that are becoming unusable. |
| domain | A domain name is the address of an Internet site. A domain name always has at least two parts, separated by a dot. |
| dot pitch | The dot pitch is a measurement of the diagonal distance between picture elements on a display screen. It is a primary factor in the determination of display quality, with the lower the number, the clearer the image. |
| downloading | Downloading a file means to receive a file transmitted over a network. Files and programs are often downloaded from Web sites. |
| driver | A device driver is a program that manages the functioning of a peripheral device, such as a printer or scanner. When a new hardware device is connected to a computer, its driver must be installed before the device can operate. |
| DVD | A DVD is similar to a CD, but with a much higher storage capacity. A DVD can hold a minimum of 4.7 GB, enough for a full-length movie. Other forms of DVDs include DVD-R and DVD-RW. |
| electronic mail (e-mail) | Electronic mail (e-mail) is the transmission of messages over a computer network, such as the Internet. Users can send e-mail messages to a single recipient or to multiple e-mail addresses. A user can also attach files, such as documents or photographs, to e-mail messages. |
| e-mail client | An e-mail client is software housed on the user's computer that can access e-mail servers on a network. The e-mail client makes it possible to send and receive e-mail messages and attachments. |
| e-mail server | An e-mail server is a computer that stores incoming mail for distribution and forwards outgoing e-mail. |
| embedded | An embedded object is an Object Linking and Embedding object that is not modified if the original object changes. An Excel chart could be included in a Word document as an embedded object, but when the chart is changed in the original Excel workbook, it is not changed in the Word document. |
| embedded charts | An embedded chart is a chart that is included in the same worksheet as the data from which it is created. |
| end user license agreement (EULA) | A license, often called an End User License Agreement (EULA), accompanies software and specifies the terms of usage. |
| ergonomics | Ergonomics is the science concerned with the coordination of the workplace to the human body, assuring a high level of comfort and avoidance of certain health hazards. |
| Error Checking | Error Checking is a utility program that examines a disk for data storage errors, from physical defects on the disk surface to weakened areas that might cause that space to be unreliable. It corrects any errors that it can. |
| executable files | Also called program files, executable files are files that contain program instructions. Executable files are those files that cause programs, or applications, to run on your computer. |
| extension | Files are identified as specific types by an extension that is added to the end of the file name. Although most extensions continue to be three-letter lengths, such as doc and ppt, file formats now allow extensions to exceed the three-letter limit. An extension is separated from the file name by a dot (period). |
| extracted | Records are extracted if they are copied from their original location to another. For example, you can extract from a database all records that meet certain criteria and display them in another area. |
| favorites | See bookmark |
| field | Fields are the individual data found in folders. |
| Field name | A field is a unit of specific data on a record, such as Name, Address, or Amount Due. A collection of fields makes up a record. |
| field value | A field value is the data that is included in a field. |
| file | A file is any item created by a user while working with an application program or by a programmer in creating an application program. A file is a collection of bytes saved as an individual entity. All files are identified by a unique file name assigned by the user or programmer. |
| File Allocation Table (FAT) | Each disk storage medium contains a file allocation table (FAT), which is a file system used in the Windows environment that keeps track of where data are stored on the disk. |
| file compression | A file compression utility compresses files so that they require less space for storage or data transmission over the Internet. |
| file defragmentation | A file defragmentation utility rearranges bytes on a disk to rejoin pieces of files, placing them in adjacent locations and improving disk performance. |
| fill handle Protocol | A fill handle is a feature of a cell, which when clicked and dragged, causes cell or range data to be copied. In Excel, the fill handle is found at the lower right corner of a cell, as evidenced by a small black plus sign when the mouse pointer rests on it. |
| firewall | A firewall is hardware or software designed to give users secure access to the Internet or a company network. Firewalls are designed to prohibit unauthorized access to computer resources and files. |
| flash memory | Flash memory is often found in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, and notebook computers. It is a type of constantly powered nonvolatile memory with no moving parts. |
| flatbed scanner | A flatbed scanner is a device that converts text and images into a digital form for computer manipulation. Looking much like a photocopier, a flatbed scanner records images by moving a scan head under a flat glass surface, upon which the picture or document is placed. |
| floppy disk | A floppy disk is a soft magnetic disk encased in a rigid plastic cover. You can read from and write to a floppy disk multiple times. A floppy disk is portable, but has less storage capacity than most other forms of storage. The disk drive that reads a floppy disk is usually the A-drive. |
| folder | A folder is a holding area on a disk storage medium, designed to organize data, applications, and other folders. Sometimes referred to as a directory, or subdirectory, a folder is represented by a folder icon in a graphical user interface (GUI). |
| folders pane | The folders pane is displayed on the left side of the Windows Explorer window, showing drives, folders, and other resources on a computer system. It does not display files. |
| font | A font is a particular typeface design, size, and particular implementation. Fonts can be changed in many application programs, such as word processing. Examples of fonts include Times New Roman, Arial, and Helvetica. |
| formula | A formula is a combination of cell references and arithmetic operators that identifies how the data in a specific cell is to be calculated. The formula =A8+C9 means that the contents of cell A8 are to be added to the contents of cell C9, with the result placed in the cell where the formula is located. |
| formula bar | The formula bar is found just below the toolbars in an Excel window. The formula bar displays the contents of the active cell. If the active cell contains a formula, the formula bar displays the formula, whereas the cell itself displays the result of the formula. Changes to formulas or cell contents can be made on the formula bar. |
| fragmented | A fragmented file is one that is broken apart as it is saved, with pieces of the file being stored in any available free disk space. Fragmented files require extra disk head movement, slowing file access time. |
| freeware | Freeware is software that is available at no cost. Because freeware is copyrighted, you can redistribute the software, but not modify it. |
| FTP (file transfer protocol) | FTP (file transfer protocol) is used to transfer files to and from a Web server. It includes functions to log onto the network, list directories, and copy files. |
| full version | A full version of a software product contains all of the features and capabilities of the software. |
| function | A function is a predefined formula that simplifies a lengthy or complicated formula. Examples of functions include =SUM and =AVERAGE. |
| GIF | A graphic file format, GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a popular bitmapped graphics file format that is widely used on the Web because it compresses files well and is capable of displaying animated screen effects. |
| gigabyte | A gigabyte (GB) is equivalent to 1,024 megabytes, or approximately one billion bytes. |
| gigahertz | A gigahertz (GHz) is used as a measurement of processor speed, and is equivalent to 1 billion cycles per second. |
| graphical user interface (GUI) | A graphical user interface (GUI) is a screen display that incorporates windows and icons. Using a mouse, you can make selections from a GUI. |
| graphics | The term computer graphics encompasses creating, saving, and manipulating picture images on a computer. |
| graphics software | Graphics software is used to create or modify pictures and drawings. Some graphics programs are referred to as image editors, which accept digitized photographs and provide editing and enhancement features |
| gridlines | The horizontal and vertical borders separating cells are called gridlines. |
| handheld scanner | A handheld scanner is a portable device that converts text and images into a digital form for computer manipulation. The scanner must be moved over the image to be scanned by hand. Some handheld scanners include trays to keep the scanner moving in a straight line. |
| hard disk | A hard disk is a magnetic disk capable of storing much more data than most other data storage media. It is usually a fixed media, which means that it is not removed from the computer. The disk drive that reads a hard disk is usually the C-drive. |
| Hard page break | In Word, users can put a Hard page break in documents on purpose in order to begin a new page or paragraph |
| hard return | When you press the Enter key while typing a document, you insert a code, called a hard return. A hard return can be inserted and deleted just as you would any other character in the document. |
| hardware | Hardware is any piece of computer equipment that can be touched, such as the keyboard, monitor, and mouse. |
| hierarchical database | A hierarchical database is a database organization in which data access starts at the top of the hierarchy and moves downward. |
| history list | A history list is maintained by a Web browser, listing Web pages visited during a specified interval of time. From the history list, you can click a Web page to revisit it. You can set the history list to maintain history for a designated period of time (one month, two weeks, and so forth). |
| home page | A home page is the first page displayed when accessing a Web site. It contains general information and usually acts as a table of contents for other pages on the same site. |
| HTML | HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the document format used to display Web pages. Pages are built with HTML tags (codes) which are embedded in the text and which describe a page's layout, font, graphic elements, and links to other documents. |
| HTTP | HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the communications protocol used to connect to servers on the World Wide Web. It establishes a connection to a server and then transfers HTML pages to the computer user's browser. Most Web addresses begin with http://. However, if you leave off the http section of a Web address, the browser usually defaults to the http protocol. |
| hyperlink | A hyperlink connects one object or Web page with another. A link on a Web page is displayed either as text or as a graphic. A text hyperlink is usually underlined, while a graphic hyperlink is a picture of any size or shape. When you move the mouse pointer over a link, the pointer usually becomes a pointing hand. |
| icon | An icon is a small onscreen picture representing an object, such as a document, program, folder, or disk drive. |
| image editors | An image editor is software that allows a user to enhance graphics and digital images. Image editors recognize a wide variety of graphics formats, including GIF, JPEG, TIF, and BMP. |
| IMAP | IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a mail server protocol that holds incoming e-mail messages until an e-mail user logs on and reads the mail. To read e-mail from an IMAP server, a user must be online. |
| ink jet printer | An ink jet printer is a non-impact printer capable of producing high-quality text and graphics. It is the most popular choice for home computer users. |
| input | Input is data that is entered into the computer. Common input devices include the keyboard and mouse. |
| install | Before software can be used, it must be installed, or copied, onto a computer hard disk. |
| integrated program | An integrated program combines multiple functions, or activities, in one unit. Individual software components included in an integrated program are not sold separately. |
| Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) | ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a standard for providing digital communications from a computer user to a telephone network. ISDN separates an existing telephone cable into channels for the delivery of voice, data, or video. A dedicated ISDN modem is required for ISDN access. |
| interlaced GIF | Interlaced GIF is a GIF image that slowly comes into focus as it is being displayed on a Web page. At first, the graphic looks very grainy, but becomes increasingly sharper as the image fills in. Web page designers might include an interlaced GIF so that some screen activity is evident as a computer user waits for the complete image to display. |
| Internet | The Internet is a huge network of networks made up of computers in more than 100 countries, providing access to commercial, academic, and government information. Sometimes referred to as the "information superhighway," the Internet provides information on just every subject imaginable. |
| Internet access provider (IAP) | Often called an ISP, an IAP (Internet Access Provider) is actually a subset of an ISP, offering only Internet access, with no additional services. |
| Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) | Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a non-profit international association that manages Internet address and domain names. |
| Internet Explorer | Also known as IE, Microsoft Internet Explorer is a Web browser that is available as part of the Windows installation or as a free download. As the current market leader, Internet Explorer is also included in AOL's online software. |
| Internet service provider (ISP) | An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is an organization that provides consumers and businesses with access to the Internet. Customers pay a fee for usage of the ISP services. An ISP can include leased lines and web page development services. |
| Internet TV | Internet TV is an Internet service that uses a set-top box to connect a TV to a modem and telephone line. The first Internet TV service was WebTV (later called MSN TV). |
| insertion point | The insertion point is a blinking vertical line that indicates the position where text will begin. On a blank document, the insertion point is located at the top left corner of the document area. |
| JPEG | JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a graphics standard for compressing still images. JPEG is a lossy standard, which means that some data on the original image is lost when it is compressed. However, such loss is minor and usually not noticeable to the human eye. |
| key | A key is a field or unit that links two or more tables in a database. An example of a key is a customer number field that is included in both a customer table and an orders table, linking both tables. |
| keyboard | The keyboard is the primary input device for a microcomputer. It consists of a grid of keys that are very similar to a typewriter, but contain additional keys as well. |
| kilobyte | A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes, most often approximated as 1,000 bytes. |
| landscape orientation | Landscape orientation is printing a document across the wider side of the paper. Landscape orientation is wider than it is tall. |
| laptop computer | Sometimes called a notebook computer, a laptop computer is a small portable computer sized to fit in a lap. It utilizes a flat panel display and includes all computer components in a small, relatively lightweight, package. |
| laser printer | A laser printer is a non-impact printer using the same technology as a photocopier. |
| link | A Web page link (hyperlink) is a text or graphic area within a Web page that, when clicked, directs movement to another Web page or location. |
| linked | A linked object is an Object Linking and Embedding object in which changes to the original object are reflected in the linked object. For example, an Excel chart can be linked and displayed in a Word document. If the original chart is changed in the Excel worksheet, it is automatically changed in the Word document, as well. |
| Linux | Linux is an open-source operating system found on a variety of hardware platforms. It is readily available from such vendors as Red Hat Software and the SCO Group. liteware — See crippleware. |
| lossless | A lossless compression method compresses an image without losing any of the data. GIF is an example of lossless compression. |
| lossy | A lossy compression method achieves a high degree of compression by removing some of the image when it is compressed. JPEG is an example of lossy compression. |
| magnetic disk storage | Data is recorded on a magnetic disk as microscopic magnetized needles on the disk surface. Data can be recorded and read any number of times. Magnetic disk formats include floppy disk, hard disk, and zip disk. |
| Macro Recorder | In Excel, the Macro Recorder remembers user instructions and automatically writes the macro. |
| Mac OS | The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) supports Apple computers. |
| Mac OS X | The newest version of Mac OS is Mac OS X, which runs legacy Mac applications written for Mac OS 9 and earlier, as well as those applications specifically written for Mac OS X. |
| macro language | Applications, such as spreadsheet software and word processors, include a special purpose command language called a macro language. Although it is not a full-blown programming language, it is used to automate sequences within the application. |
| macro virus | A macro virus is code written in a macro language that is placed within a document or data file. When the document is opened, the program is run, causing whatever destruction or annoyance it is designed to accomplish. |
| maximizing a window | A window that is maximized fills the entire screen. To maximize a window, click the maximize button found at the upper right side of a typical window. |
| megahertz | A megahertz (MHz) is used as a measurement of processor speed, and is equivalent to 1 million cycles per second. |
| megapixels | Megapixels are a measurement of how many millions of pixels (picture elements) a digital camera can work with in displaying images. The higher the megapixel rating, the sharper the image and the larger the image can be printed without losing significant detail. Megapixels are an indicator of a digital camera's optical resolution. |
| memory | Memory is temporary internal storage in a computer, holding programs and data currently in use. It is volatile, which means that contents are lost with any interruption in power supply. Random access memory (RAM) is a form of memory. |
| memory card reader | Also known as a flash card reader, a memory card reader is a peripheral device, usually connected to the computer through a USB port, that reads from a flash memory card. A memory card reader is used to copy photos from a digital camera's memory card into computer memory. |
| menu bar | Windows applications, such as Word and Excel, include a menu bar, which is a row of menu titles displayed across the top of the application window. Click any menu title to open the menu and select from subsequent options. |
| microcomputer | Sometimes called a personal computer, a microcomputer is designed to be used by an individual. |
| microprocessor | The microprocessor is a hardware unit that houses the CPU. The terms microprocessor and CPU are often used interchangeably. |
| Microsoft Network (MSN) | MSN (Microsoft Network) is Microsoft's ISP service, competing directly with AOL. With more than nine million customers, MSN is one of the largest Internet Service Providers in the United States. |
| Microsoft Windows | Microsoft Windows is the most widely used operating system for desktop and laptop computers. Available in various versions, Windows provides a graphical user interface utilizing movable onscreen windows. |
| MIME | MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) is a method for transmitting non-text files by e-mail. |
| minimizing a window | A window that is minimized does not appear on-screen, but is listed as a button on the taskbar, and is still resident in memory. To minimize a window, click the minimize button found at the upper right side of a typical window. |
| monitor | A monitor is the primary form of output for a microcomputer. It is a television-like unit, sometimes called a CRT (cathode ray tube). Another form of monitor is the flat panel display, prevalent with laptop computers. |
| mouse | A mouse is a small input device that is used to control the onscreen movement of a mouse pointer, which moves in the same direction that the mouse is moved. It derives its name from its mouse-like shape, with the connecting cable resembling a mouse tail. |
| MS-DOS | Often simply called DOS, MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a single user operating system produced by Microsoft in the 1980s. Unlike Windows, MS-DOS is a command-driven operating system that does not include a GUI. |
| MSNÆ TV | MSNÆ TV was developed in 1996 by Web TV and acquired in 1997 by Microsoft. It is an Internet TV service that uses a modem and telephone line to deliver Web content to a television set. |
| multifunction device | A device that includes such functions as a printer, fax machine, scanner, and copier in one unit. |
| name box | The name box is found just below the toolbars in an Excel window. It indicates the position of the active cell. |
| netiquette | Netiquette (network etiquette) is the set of rules dictating proper manners when communicating over the Internet. |
| Netscape | Netscape Navigator is Netscape's Web browser, a direct competitor to Microsoft Internet Explorer. It is available as a free download. |
| network database | A network database is a database organization in which data elements can be linked to various other elements in a one-to-many and many-to-one format. |
| NSFnet | The National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet) began during the 1980s as a computer network for academic information sharing. It served as the primary Internet backbone (passage) until the Internet became commercialized in the 1990s. |
| object | An object is an item, such as a picture, table, or chart, that is included in a document, spreadsheet, presentation slide show, or other application data file. |
| object-based graphics software | Object-based graphics software is a blending of features of both bitmap graphics software and drawing programs. Examples of object-based graphics software include Adobe Photoshop and CorelDRAW. |
| object linking and embedding (OLE) | Microsoft includes an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) component in many Microsoft applications, which allows an object such as a graphic, video clip, or table to be duplicated (either by linking or embedding) in a file. When an object is embedded it is simply copied in the new location. However, when an object is linked, it is not only copied, but retains connection with the original item, so that any changes made to the original are also reflected in the copy. |
| object-oriented graphics | Also called vector graphics, object-oriented graphics represent a picture based on a mathematical interpretation rather than as a matrix of pixels (bitmap graphics). Computer-aided design (CAD) software creates object-oriented graphic images, which typically require less storage space than bitmap files and are very detailed. |
| office suite | An office suite is a combination of office productivity software components, each of which can be sold as a separate software package. The combination of software products into a suite provides a complete package at lesser cost than purchasing each component individually. |
| Online services | An online service is an organization that provides access to the Internet as well as special services and proprietary content. Examples of online services include America Online and CompuServe. |
| open source software | Open source software is software whose source code is free and available to anyone. The intent here is that a broader group of reviewers will produce a more useful and error-free software product. |
| operating system (OS) | The operating system is system software that coordinates system resources with application software, controls internal operations, saves documents and projects to disk, and manages memory. |
| operating system platform | An operating system platform is the environment in which hardware and software coordinate with a particular operating system. An operating system platform is categorized by operating system, such as a Windows platform or a Mac OS platform. |
| optical disk storage | Data is recorded on an optical disk by burning microscopic holes in the disk surface with a laser. Optical disk formats include CD and DVD. |
| order of precedence | The order of precedence is a set of rules that Excel uses to determine the order in which mathematical operations are to be calculated. Exponentiation is done first, followed by multiplication and division, and then addition and subtraction. |
| optical resolution | The actual, or built-in, resolution of a digital camera or scanner is the optical resolution. Unlike digital resolution, optical resolution is not calculated, or interpolated, but is displayed exactly as the image is recorded. |
| optical zoom | The optical zoom setting of a digital camera is the ability to zoom in on a subject when taking a picture. Optical zoom does not change the image size or resolution. Unlike digital zoom, optical zoom does not crop or change the resolution of the image, but merely focuses at a closer range. |
| output | Output is information that comes out of a computer. Common output devices include the monitor and printer. |
| paint programs | Paint programs are graphics programs that generate images in a bitmap graphic format. Using a paint program, a user can simulate painting or drawing on a canvas. Paint programs can open and work with such file formats as JPEG, BMP, and TIF. |
| path | A path is the route to a file or folder on a disk. For example, the path to a folder titled "Curriculum Info, " which is stored within the "College Info, " folder on the hard drive (drive C:) is C:\College Info\Curriculum Info. |
| password | A password is a code that serves to secure data or equipment from unauthorized access. Passwords are often required to access Web sites, to sign on to a user account, or to access data. |
| paste | Items that have been cut or copied to the clipboard can be pasted to a document by making appropriate menu selections. |
| PC-DOS | PC-DOS is the original operating system developed by Microsoft for the IBM PC in the early 1980s. PC-DOS and MS-DOS were almost identical until the advent of MS-DOS version 6. |
| personal digital assistant (PDA) | A PDA is a handheld or palm-sized computer that allows you to record information, keep track of appointments, and manage your life much as a daily planner might. A typical PDA uses a touch screen and handwriting recognition software. |
| photo printer | A photo printer is a printer designed specifically for printing photographs, typically in a 3x5" or 4x6" size. Most photo printers accept flash memory cards and allow some basic editing of photos before printing. |
| PICT | The PICT (Picture) format is the primary Macintosh graphics file format. |
| PIM (personal information manager) | A PIM (personal information manager) is a software application that provides organization of names and addresses, notes, calendar entries, and a scheduler. Microsoft Outlook is an example of a PIM. |
| pixel (picture element) | A pixel is a single dot on a graphic display. Because pixels are so close together they appear connected. |
| pixelization | Pixelization is the appearance of pixels in a bitmapped image. When an image is enlarged, it is sometimes possible to see individual square pixels where one color or shade blends into another. |
| placeholder | In PowerPoint, a placeholder is a boxed area reserving space for the contents of a slide, such as a chart, a table, or a heading. |
| PNG | PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a bitmapped graphics file format endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It may eventually replace the GIF format. |
| POP3 | POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is an e-mail server protocol that holds incoming e-mail messages until a user logs on and downloads them. All messages and attachments are downloaded together to the user's computer, and removed from the mail server. |
| portrait orientation | Portrait orientation is printing a document across the narrow side of the paper. Portrait orientation is taller than it is wide. |
| POST (power-on self test) | A POST is a self-diagnostic procedure that occurs when you start a computer. It verifies that all system components are operational. |
| presentation software | Presentation software is used to prepare computer slide shows, which are consecutively displayed screens of information. Businesses use presentation software to produce slide shows. |
| Primary Rate Interface | PRI (Primary Rate Interface) is high-speed ISDN service. It provides multiple channels for voice, data, and video transfer. ISDN is often used to support high-quality videoconferencing. |
| printer | The printer is a common output device for microcomputers. It is a device that prints text or graphics on paper. Common printers for home computers include ink jet printers and laser printers. |
| processor | See CPU |
| program | A program is another term for software or application. It is a collection of instructions that tell the computer what to do. Examples of application software include a word processor and spreadsheet software. |
| program files | See executable files. |
| Progressive JPEG | A Progressive JPEG is a JPEG image that first appears as a low-quality, blurred picture, slowly coming into focus as it is displayed. Such image display gives the illusion that the picture appears faster, even though it takes the same time to fully display a progresseive JPEG image as it does to display a regular JPEG image. |
| protocol | A protocol is a hardware or software standard that coordinates data transmission between computers. TCP/IP is the fundamental transport protocol for the Internet, whereas HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and others are also used for Internet communication. |
| public domain software | Public domain software is not copyrighted and has no terms of usage or conditions attached. |
| QDOS | QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) was developed by Seattle Computer Products and purchased by Microsoft as the basis for PC-DOS and MS-DOS. |
| RAM | An abbreviation for random access memory, RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers. It holds data and programs currently in use. Because it is volatile its contents are lost with an interruption in power. |
| range | A range is one or more cells in a rectangular fashion that can be referred to as a group. It is defined by one corner and its diagonally opposite corner. |
| range reference | A range reference defines a range by two cells in opposite corners of the range, separated by a colon. A range extending from cell A1 in the top left corner to cell D25 in the lower right corner is identified by the range reference A1:D25. |
| raster graphics | See bitmap graphics. |
| record | A record is a group of related fields about a subject. A database file is made up of a collection of records. |
| refresh rate | The vertical refresh rate is the rate at which the monitor is redrawn. It is measured in hertz (Hz). |
| relational database | A relational database is a database organization that links tables, or files, together by common fields or keys. |
| relative reference | A relative reference is an address that changes when the formula in which it is included is moved to a new location. The reference changes relative to the location of the move. |
| resolution | Resolution is a term that refers to the sharpness of an image on a printer or monitor. Screen resolution is simply the number of pixels on the screen, while printer resolution is the number of dots printed per inch. |
| Relational operators | There are six Relational operators that may be used when specifying arguments in functions. They are 1) equal to, 2) not equal to, 3) less than, 4) greater than, 5) less than or equal to, and 6) greater than or equal to. |
| restoring a window | A window can be restored to its original size (the size in which it displayed when it was first opened) by clicking the restore button found at the upper right side of a typical window. |
| Relative Reference | In Excel, Relative Reference refers to cell references in the formula that will change when copied to another cell. |
| root folder | The root folder is the starting point in a disk file hierarchy. The root folder is typically a disk drive, such as C:\ or A:\. Access to folders on the disk file hierarchy begins with the root directory, such as C:\Documents\October Memos. |
| row headings | Row headings are the numbers found in the gray area at the left side of a worksheet. |
| ruler bar | A ruler bar is a representation of a ruler that is displayed across the top of some Windows applications, such as Word. In a word processor, the ruler bar is used to set indents and tabs. |
| scaling | Scaling is an option in the Print dialog box, which enables you to fit a worksheet to a page, without manually changing font sizes. |
| scanner | A scanner is a device that converts text or graphics into a digital image. A scanner has an optical resolution as well as a digital resolution, which is computed by software. |
| Scheduled Task Wizard | The Scheduled Task Wizard is an automated process whereby you can schedule tasks to occur without your involvement. The Scheduled Task Wizard is a component of Windows XP. |
| screen saver | A screen saver is a constantly moving image that prevents a monitor from being permanently etched by a non-moving image. You can designate a specified duration of time without keyboard or mouse input after which a screen saver will begin. Pressing a key or moving the mouse restores the screen. |
| screen tip | A screen tip is a short description of a toolbar button. It appears when you hold the mouse pointer steady over any toolbar button. |
| search engine | A search engine is software that searches the Internet for data based on search criteria specified by the user. Search sites, such as Google and Excite use search engines to display sites matching some search criteria. |
| search tool | A search tool is a subject directory or search engine that simplifies the task of searching for information on the Internet. |
| sector | A sector is the smallest unit of storage read or written on a disk. It is a pie-piece shaped area of storage in which data can be stored for later retrieval. |
| server | A server is a computer that is designed to support other computer systems and to provide access to resources. |
| server license | A company can purchase a server license, which permits users connected to a server to access a single copy of software installed on the server. |
| shareware | Shareware is copyrighted software that is usually free only for a limited time. |
| sheet-fed scanner | A sheet-fed scanner converts text or graphics into digital format. It scans paper by moving it across a stationary scan head. Only paper can be scanned, not books or other thick objects. |
| shortcut | A shortcut is a pointer to a program or data file. Shortcuts are represented as desktop icons, which when double-clicked, open the associated file or program. |
| shortcut menu | See context menu. |
| slide | An individual page in a presentation is called a slide. |
| slide layout | A slide layout is a slide format that arranges content, such as graphics, charts, or a bulleted list. |
| slide show | In Word, the Select-then-do methodology is choosing a text, and then moving it to the desired location and working it. |
| S/MIME | S/MIME (Secure MIME) is a MIME version that supports encryption for secure transmission of multimedia e-mail messages. |
| SMTP | SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard e-mail protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet. It defines the message format and includes facility for storing and forwarding mail. |
| soft return | As a document is typed using a word processor, the typist doesn't press the Enter key at the end of each line, but instead allows the text to automatically wrap at the right margin. The word processor inserts a code into the text to mark the end of the line, called a soft return. Unlike a hard return, the position of a soft return changes when margins are changed. |
| software | Software is the set of instructions that tells the computer how to accomplish a particular task. |
| software license | A software license describes the rights granted to a purchaser of software. Software is typically licensed, not sold, so that a software purchaser can use the software without a time limit, but never owns the software itself and cannot make copies beyond what is specified by the license. |
| software piracy | Copying and distribution of software beyond the terms of a software license is called software piracy. |
| software suite | See Office Suite. |
| source code | Programming instructions that are written by a programmer are called source code. Source code is not directly executable by the computer, but must be converted into machine language by compilers, assemblers, or interpreters. |
| spider | See crawler. |
| spreadsheet software | Software that provides a grid of columns and rows as the workspace is called spreadsheet software. It is often used for budgets and plans. |
| standalone program | A standalone program is a software package that addresses only one application, such as a personal finance program or image editing software. |
| Start menu | The Start menu is launched from the Start button, usually found at the left side of the taskbar. It is the route to follow to run programs as well as to shut down a computer system. |
| status bar | The status bar is the horizontal bar that appears at the bottom of an application window giving information on document features, position, and language. |
| Slide Show view | In PowerPoint, the Slide Show view shows one slide after another as it would appear during the PowerPoint presentation. |
| subfolder | A subfolder is an additional folder found within another folder. Each folder can include multiple subfolders, each of which can also contain subfolders. |
| subject directory | Very similar to a search engine, a subject directory offers links that are organized into subject categories. A subject directory is best used when you have a broad topic or idea to research. |
| subtitle | A subtitle expands on a main topic, appearing just beneath a title. |
| surge protector | A surge protector is a device that provides protection from electrical power surges that could damage a computer. |
| system software | System software includes operating systems and utility programs. It is designed to control computer operations, assist with machine-level tasks, and run application programs. |
| system unit | Sometimes called the main unit, the system unit includes memory, disk drives, and ports. It is the main part of a personal computer. |
| system utilities | System utilities are programs that address such tasks as backing up disk files, scanning disk drives for errors, and eliminating computer viruses. |
| taskbar | The taskbar is the horizontal bar usually found at the base of the Windows desktop. It displays active applications (tasks), as well as the Start button and selected toolbars. |
| task pane | The task pane is a rectangular area that provides quick access to commands relevant to a task in which you are involved. |
| template | A template is a pre-designed document formatted for common purposes, such as a memo, calendar, or business letter. Templates are included in a standard Word installation. |
| tether | To download pictures from a digital camera to a computer, you can tether the camera, which is the process of connecting it to a computer through a cable (usually USB). |
| thumbnails | A thumbnail is a miniature representation of an image. It provides a convenient way to preview images before actually opening and working with them. |
| tile | When more than one window is open, all windows can be displayed in a tile fashion, where parts of all open windows appear in a horizontal or vertical arrangement on-screen. |
| title bar | A title bar is the horizontal bar displayed at the top of a window, containing the name of the application or file. |
| title slide | A title slide introduces the presentation topic to the audience. |
| toolbar | A toolbar is a row or column of on-screen icons that provide shortcuts to many menu selections. Some toolbars are customizable. |
| top-level domain | The top-level domain is found at the end of the domain name, and represents the purpose of the organization sponsoring the web site. The top-level domain of the address http://www.roundabout.com is ".com, ". which means that the organization is a commercial (for profit) entity. |
| total zoom | Total zoom is the combination of optical and digital zoom rates. |
| track | A track is a storage channel on a disk or tape. On magnetic disks, a track is a concentric circle. CD and DVD tracks have one continuous, spiral-shaped channel starting at the center and moving outward. Magnetic tapes have tracks that are parallel lines along the length of the tape. |
| trackball | A trackball works much like an upside-down mouse, with the ball on the top. To move the onscreen pointer, you rotate the ball. |
| transparency adapter | A transparency adapter is a device that allows a flatbed scanner to scan 35mm slides or film transparencies. |
| Trojan horse | A trojan horse is a program that appears to be harmless, but performs some destructive activity when it is run. Although similar to a virus, a Trojan horse does not replicate itself. |
| typeface | The typeface is the design of a set of printed characters. Although the terms font and typeface are often used interchangeably, the typeface is the primary design, while the font is the particular implementation and variation of the typeface, such as bold or italics. |
| Uniform Resource Locator (URL) | A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a Web page. The URL, which defines the route to a file on the Web, is typed into the browser address area to direct travel to that file or page. |
| uninstall | Uninstalling is the process of removed unwanted programs from a computer. |
| UNIX | UNIX is a multi-user operating system widely used with workstations and servers. Written in the C programming language, it was developed by AT&T. |
| uploading | A file can be uploaded, or transmitted, from a personal computer across the Internet to a Web server. |
| upgrade/B> | A software upgrade is a change to a newer version of existing software. |
| user name | A user name is the name by which you identify yourself when logging onto a computer or online service. Both a user name and a password are usually required in order to use an online service or to access protected data. |
| utility software | Utility software assists with computer tasks, such as file management, performing diagnostic routines, and antivirus scanning. |
| vector graphics | See object-oriented graphics. |
| virus definitions | As new viruses are discovered, antivirus software developers create virus definitions, which identify and eliminate specific viruses. Computer users must download updated virus definitions often to maintain antivirus effectiveness. |
| Web applet virus | A web applet virus is coded in a web scripting language and is invoked when you access an infected web page |
| Web Authoring Software | Web pages can be developed with web authoring software, which enables pages to be created visually and which produces underlying HTML code. Web authoring software does not require that the web developer be skilled in HTML coding. |
| Web Page | A web page is a web document that is identified by a particular URL. Several Web pages can make up a Web site. |
| Web Scripting Language | A web scripting language is a programming language specifically oriented toward the production of web pages. JavaScript is often used to develop web pages, including forms controls, drop-down menus, and other flashy menu and graphics actions. |
| Web Site | A Web site is a server containing Web pages that are online 24 hours a day. A Web site is also considered a collection of one or more Web pages. |
| windowing environment | A windowing environment is an operating system configuration that makes use of windows, which are scrollable viewing areas on screen. |
| Windows Explorer | Windows Explorer is a Windows feature that allows you to view and manage all the folders on your system |
| Windows XP | Windows XP is the newest Windows version, introduced in 2001. It provides a new user interface, with an updated Start menu, taskbar, and control panels. It is available in two editions: Home and Professional. |
| wireless | Wireless data transmission uses various methods of communication including infrared, cellular, microwave, and satellite. A wireless network communicates without the assistance of cabling. |
| wizard | The With Statement in Excel allows users to perform many tasks at the same time on objects. |
| Wizard | A wizard is a series of guided screens that simplifies a task by asking questions and allowing you to modify settings, typically in a question and answer format. |
| word processor | Software used to create text documents is called a word processor. It is also used for basic desktop publishing, in which graphics and enhanced text and typesetting can be incorporated into document tasks. |
| word wrap | Word wrap is a word processing feature that automatically moves words to the next line as text meets the right margin. |
| Workgroup | Workgroups are people who are working on projects. In Excel, the program has the capability to allow changes to the workbook from each member of the workgroup, and later merge into a single workbook. |
| workbook | An Excel workbook is made up of one or more worksheets. When you save an Excel file, you are actually saving a workbook. |
| worksheet | An Excel worksheet is an electronic grid of columns and rows in which you can enter data. |
| World Wide Web | The World Wide Web (WWW) is an Internet service that connects documents or Web pages for display on browsers. The WWW is a subset of the Internet. The Internet is the physical network over which WWW communication travels. worm — A worm is a destructive program that replicates itself, using up computer resources, possibly bringing the computer system down. |
| World Wide Web | The World Wide Web (www or the Web) is a smaller part of the Internet. |
| WYSIWYG | A feature of word processing software, WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) is the display of text and graphics on screen in the way that they will appear when printed. It is impossible to display text on screen exactly as it will print, however, because screen and printer resolutions differ. However, WYSIWYG is a very close approximation. |
| zip disk | A zip disk is a high-capacity floppy disk that is slightly larger physically than a normal floppy disk and at least twice as thick. It can hold at least 100 times more data than a floppy disk. |